御

See also: 禦

御 U+5FA1, 御 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5FA1 ← 徠 [U+5FA0] CJK Unified Ideographs 徢 → [U+5FA2]

Translingual

Han character

御 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+8 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 彳+9 in mainland China and Japanese, 11 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 12 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 竹人人一中 (HOOML), four-corner 2722₀, composition ⿰彳卸)

Derived characters

• 𭊷, 𣊗, 䥏, 蓹, 篽, 𬄧, 禦

Related characters

• 禦 (This character is simplified to 御 in mainland China)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 368, character 23
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10157
• Dae Jaweon: page 693, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 832, character 16
• Unihan data for U+5FA1

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (午) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
卸	*sŋjaːs
汻	*hŋaːŋʔ
滸	*hŋaːʔ
午	*ŋaːʔ
仵	*ŋaːʔ
旿	*ŋaːʔ
忤	*ŋaːs
迕	*ŋaːs
杵	*ŋ̊ʰjaʔ
籞	*ŋaʔ
蘌	*ŋaʔ
篽	*ŋaʔ
禦	*ŋaʔ, *ŋas
許	*hŋaʔ
御	*ŋas

Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋas): phonetic 午 (OC *ŋaːʔ, “pestle”) + semantic 卩 (“kneeling person”) – utilize; govern. Bronze inscriptions added 彳 and 止 to emphasize action.

Etymology 1

trad.		御
simp. #		御
alternative forms		馭／驭 𡕺 ancient 衘 䘖 䘘 nonstandard 馭／驭 𡕺 ancient 衘 䘖 䘘 nonstandard 䢩 𢕜 𢓷 𢓦 𰆍 𢔬 𧗨 𧗪 𠉳 𠊏 𢖡 𠨙 𭰚 𱦐

Sino-Tibetan. Schuessler (2007) compared 御 to Burmese မောင်း (maung:, “drive away, threaten”) and မောင်း (maung:, “driving”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yù (yu⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄩˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ngi

  (Hailu, HRS): ngi^˖

• Eastern Min (BUC): ngê̤ṳ
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gy⁵
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): gīr / gū / gī

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ghe⁶ / ghe⁷

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gniu

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yù
    • Zhuyin: ㄩˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yù
    • Wade–Giles: yü⁴
    • Yale: yù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuh
    • Palladius: юй (juj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /y⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jyu⁶
    • Yale: yuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jy⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: yu⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jyː²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngi
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngi
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋi⁵⁵/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngi^˖
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋi³³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ngê̤ṳ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋøy²⁴²/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: gy⁵
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gṳ̄
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ky¹¹/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: gy⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ky²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gīr
    • Tâi-lô: gīr
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡɯ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gū
    • Tâi-lô: gū
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gu
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /ɡu²²/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡu³³/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gī
    • Tâi-lô: gī
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gi
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡi²²/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡi³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ghe⁶ / ghe⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: gṳ̆ / gṳ̄
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɡɯ³⁵/, /ɡɯ¹¹/

Note:

• ghe6 - "to ride";
• ghe7 - "imperial".

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶gniu
    • MiniDict: nyu^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nyy
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲy²³/

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• Middle Chinese: ngjoH

Rime
Character	御
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	牛倨切
Baxter	ngjoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨʌH/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋiɔH/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiɔH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɨə̆H/
Li Rong	/ŋiɔH/
Wang Li	/ŋĭoH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋi̯woH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyu6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-[qʰ](r)aʔ/, /*[ŋ](r)a-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋas/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	御	御
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yù	yù
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjoX ›	‹ ngjoH ›
Old Chinese	/*m-[qʰ](r)aʔ/	/*[ŋ](r)a-s/
English	ward off; withstand	drive a chariot (loan)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	御
Reading #	1/1
No.	13181
Phonetic component	午
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	御
Old Chinese	/*ŋas/

Definitions

御

1. (prefix) royal, imperial

   • 只見那女王走近前來，一把扯住三藏，俏語嬌聲，叫道：「御弟哥哥，請上龍車，和我同上金鑾寶殿，匹配夫婦去來。」 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
     只见那女王走近前来，一把扯住三藏，俏语娇声，叫道：「御弟哥哥，请上龙车，和我同上金銮宝殿，匹配夫妇去来。」 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]

     From: Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16^th century CE, translation from The Journey to the West (2012), by Anthony C. Yu

     Zhǐjiàn nà nǚwáng zǒu jìnqián lái, yībǎ chězhù Sānzàng, qiàoyǔ jiāoshēng, jiàodào: “Yùdì gēgē, qǐng shàng lóngchē, hé wǒ tóng shàng jīnluán bǎodiàn, pǐpèi fūfù qùlái.” [Pinyin]

     The queen went forward and caught hold of Tripitaka. In a most seductive voice, she said, “Royal brother darling, please ascend the dragon chariot so that we may go to the Treasure Hall of Golden Chimes and become husband and wife.”

2. to manage; to govern; to control

   • 無䟽其親，無怠其眾，撫其左右，御其四旁。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     无䟽其亲，无怠其众，抚其左右，御其四旁。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Six Secret Teachings, c. 475 – 221 BCE

     Wú shū qí qīn, wú dài qí zhòng, fǔ qí zuǒyòu, yù qí sìpáng. [Pinyin]

     Do not estrange your relatives. Do not neglect the masses. Be conciliatory and solicitous toward nearby states and control the four quarters.

3. to drive a chariot or carriage; to ride (on an animal or a vehicle drawn by animals)

   • 我徒我御、我師我旅。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     我徒我御、我师我旅。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Wǒ tú wǒ yù, wǒ shī wǒ lǚ. [Pinyin]

     We went along on foot; we rode in our chariots; our whole host, and our battalions.

   • 吾何執？執御乎？執射乎？吾執御矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     吾何执？执御乎？执射乎？吾执御矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE

     Wú hé zhí? Zhí yù hū? Zhí shè hū? Wú zhí yù yǐ. [Pinyin]

     "What shall I practice? Shall I practice charioteering, or shall I practice archery? I will practice charioteering."

4. driver of a carriage

   • 徒御嘽嘽。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     徒御啴啴。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Túyù chǎnchǎn. [Pinyin]

     His footmen and charioteers were numerous,

5. alternative form of 禦 (yù, “to defend against”)

   • 利用御寇，順相保也。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     利用御寇，顺相保也。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: I Ching, 11^th – 8^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Lì yòng yù kòu, shùn xiàngbǎo yě. [Pinyin]

     'It might be advantageous in resisting plunderers:' - by acting as here indicated men would preserve one another.

Compounds

• 乘奔御風 / 乘奔御风
• 享御
• 侍御
• 僮御
• 告御狀 / 告御状 (gào yùzhuàng)
• 女御 (nǚyù)
• 媵御
• 嬪御 / 嫔御
• 御世 (yùshì)
• 御人
• 御仗 (yùzhàng)
• 御前 (yùqián)
• 御史 (yùshǐ)
• 御史大夫 (yùshǐ dàfū)
• 御史臺 / 御史台
• 御史雨
• 御夫座 (Yùfūzuò)
• 御宇 (yùyǔ)
• 御容
• 御寶 / 御宝 (yùbǎo)
• 御廚 / 御厨 (yùchú)
• 御手 (yùshǒu)
• 御批 (yùpī)
• 御旨
• 御書 / 御书
• 御書房 / 御书房
• 御札 (yùzhá)
• 御林軍 / 御林军 (yùlínjūn)
• 御案
• 御極 / 御极 (yùjí)
• 御氣 / 御气
• 御河
• 御溝 / 御沟
• 御溝流葉 / 御沟流叶
• 御溝題葉 / 御沟题叶
• 御狀 / 御状 (yùzhuàng)
• 御用 (yùyòng)
• 御碑亭
• 御筆 / 御笔 (yùbǐ)
• 御者 (yùzhě)
• 御膳房 (yùshànfáng)
• 御花園 / 御花园 (yùhuāyuán)
• 御苑 (yùyuàn)
• 御製 / 御制 (yùzhì)
• 御覽 / 御览 (yùlǎn)
• 御賜 / 御赐 (yùcì)
• 御輪 / 御轮
• 御道 (yùdào)
• 御醫 / 御医 (yùyī)
• 御風 / 御风
• 御饌 / 御馔
• 御駕 / 御驾 (yùjià)
• 御駕親征 / 御驾亲征 (yùjiàqīnzhēng)
• 御龍 / 御龙
• 控御 (kòngyù)
• 日御 (rìyù)
• 晏御揚揚 / 晏御扬扬
• 月御
• 服御
• 盜御馬 / 盗御马
• 監察御史 / 监察御史
• 窺御激夫 / 窥御激夫
• 統御 / 统御 (tǒngyù)
• 繡衣御史 / 绣衣御史
• 耕御路
• 酌古御今
• 鐵面御史 / 铁面御史
• 長轡遠御 / 长辔远御
• 馮虛御風 / 冯虚御风
• 駕御 / 驾御 (jiàyù)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yà (ya⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄚˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaa⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yà
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄚˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yà
    • Wade–Giles: ya⁴
    • Yale: yà
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yah
    • Palladius: я (ja)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jä⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ngaa⁶
    • Yale: ngah
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngaa⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: nga⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaː²²/

Definitions

御

1. (literary, obsolete) to meet, greet and welcome (someone)

   alt. forms: 迓 (yà)

   • 之子于歸，百兩御之。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     之子于归，百两御之。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Zhī zǐ yú guī, bǎi liǎng yà zhī. [Pinyin]

     This young lady is going to her future home;
     A hundred carriages are meeting her.

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 御 – see 禦 (“to defend”). (This character is the simplified form of 禦).

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.