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肝
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
Han character
肝 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 月一十 (BMJ), four-corner 71240, composition ⿰月干(GJKV) or ⿰⺼干(HT))
Derived characters
- 𨧠
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 974, character 9
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29273
- Dae Jaweon: page 1425, character 31
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2044, character 3
- Unihan data for U+809D
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Chinese
Glyph origin
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaːn): semantic ⺼ (“flesh”) + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn) – a body part.
Etymology
Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (“bitter; salty; bile; liver”), in which case it would be related to 苦 (OC *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs, “bitter”); also compare Proto-Bodo-Garo *bi-ka (“liver”), whence Bodo (India) [script needed] (bi-ka, “liver”), Garo bika (“liver”).
Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) compares it with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-kal ~ *s-gal (“lower back; kidney”), whence Tibetan མཁལ་མ (mkhal ma, “kidney”), Mizo kal (“kidney”), Chepang गल् (“kidney”), Burmese ခါး (hka:, “waist”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gan1
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): gǎn
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): gàn
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gon1
- (Dongguan, Jyutping++): gun1
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): gon1
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gon1
- Gan (Wiktionary): gon1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): gan1
- Northern Min (KCR): húing
- Eastern Min (BUC): găng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gua1 / guann1 / gang1
- Southern Min
- Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gaan1
- Wu (Wugniu)
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gan1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: gān
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gan
- Wade–Giles: kan1
- Yale: gān
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gan
- Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kän⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: gan1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gan
- Sinological IPA (key): /kan⁵⁵/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: gǎn
- Sinological IPA (key): /kã²¹/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: gàn
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): gan1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kã³¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
- Jyutping: gon1
- Yale: gōn
- Cantonese Pinyin: gon1
- Guangdong Romanization: gon1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔːn⁵⁵/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
- Jyutping++: gun1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kun²¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: gon1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kᵘɔn³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: gon1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɵn⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kôn
- Hakka Romanization System: gonˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gon1
- Sinological IPA: /kon²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: gonˋ
- Sinological IPA: /kon⁵³/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: gan1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /kæ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: húing
- Sinological IPA (key): /xuiŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gua1
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: guaⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /kua⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: guann1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kũã⁵⁴⁴/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gang1
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gang
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gang1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaŋ⁵⁴⁴/
- (Putian)
Note:
- gua1/guann1 - vernacular;
- gang1 - literary.
- koaⁿ - vernacular;
- kan - literary.
- gua1 - vernacular;
- gang1 - literary.
- Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Jyutping++: gaan1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kan⁵³/
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Wu
- Jinhua:
- 1koe - vernacular;
- 1kan - literary.
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: gan1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kan³³/
- (Changsha)
Note:
Note:
Note:
- Middle Chinese: kan
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.kˤa[r]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kaːn/
Definitions
肝
- liver (Classifier: 葉／叶; 個／个)
- (figurative) mind; thoughts
- (video games, neologism) to grind; to repeat a task day and night, which may exhaust the liver, in order to achieve a specific goal
- (video games, neologism) grindy
Compounds
- 丙肝 (bǐnggān)
- 互託肝膽 / 互托肝胆
- 全無心肝 / 全无心肝
- 剌心剌肝
- 剖心坼肝
- 剖心析肝
- 剖肝泣血
- 剖肝瀝膽 / 剖肝沥胆
- 動肝火 / 动肝火
- 壞心肝 / 坏心肝
- 大動肝火 / 大动肝火 (dàdònggānhuǒ)
- 夾肝 / 夹肝
- 心疼肝斷 / 心疼肝断
- 心肝 (xīngān)
- 心肝寶貝 / 心肝宝贝 (xīngān bǎobèi)
- 心肝肉
- 忠肝義膽 / 忠肝义胆 (zhōnggānyìdǎn)
- 感人肺肝 (gǎnrénfèigān)
- 披瀝肝膽 / 披沥肝胆
- 披肝掛膽 / 披肝挂胆
- 披肝瀝膽 / 披肝沥胆 (pīgānlìdǎn)
- 披露肝膽 / 披露肝胆
- 揪心扒肝
- 摧心剖肝
- 摘心去肝
- 摧胸破肝
- 有肝膽 / 有肝胆
- 沙肝兒 / 沙肝儿 (shāgānr)
- 瀝膽墮肝 / 沥胆堕肝
- 瀝膽披肝 / 沥胆披肝
- 炒肝兒 / 炒肝儿 (chǎogānr)
- 爆肝 (bàogān)
- 玻璃心肝
- 肝功能 (gāngōngnéng)
- 肝吸蟲 / 肝吸虫
- 肝小葉 / 肝小叶 (gānxiǎoyè)
- 肝帝 (gāndì)
- 肝橫膽乍 / 肝横胆乍
- 肝氣 / 肝气
- 肝火
- 肝火上炎
- 肝火旺
- 肝火盛
- 肝炎 (gānyán)
- 肝癌 (gān'ái)
- 肝硬化症
- 肝總管 / 肝总管 (gānzǒngguǎn)
- 肝胰壺腹 / 肝胰壶腹 (gānyíhúfù)
- 肝脾
- 肝腦塗地 / 肝脑涂地 (gānnǎotúdì)
- 肝腫大 / 肝肿大
- 肝腸寸斷 / 肝肠寸断 (gānchángcùnduàn)
- 肝腸崩裂 / 肝肠崩裂
- 肝膽 / 肝胆 (gāndǎn)
- 肝膽塗地 / 肝胆涂地
- 肝膽楚越 / 肝胆楚越
- 肝膽照人 / 肝胆照人
- 肝膽相照 / 肝胆相照 (gāndǎnxiāngzhào)
- 肝膽胡越 / 肝胆胡越
- 肝臟 / 肝脏 (gānzàng)
- 肝虛 / 肝虚
- 肝蛭 (gānzhì)
- 肝醣 / 肝糖 (gāntáng)
- 肝風 / 肝风
- 肝鬱 / 肝郁
- 肝鬲
- 肺肝 (fèigān)
- 胗肝兒 / 胗肝儿
- 蝨脛蟣肝 / 虱胫虮肝
- 蟲臂鼠肝 / 虫臂鼠肝
- 豬肝 / 猪肝 (zhūgān)
- 赤膽忠肝 / 赤胆忠肝
- 輸肝剖膽 / 输肝剖胆
- 輸肝瀝膽 / 输肝沥胆
- 隳肝瀝膽 / 隳肝沥胆
- 雕肝琢腎 / 雕肝琢肾
- 雕肝琢膂
- 雕肝鏤腎 / 雕肝镂肾
- 露膽披肝 / 露胆披肝
- 驢肝肺 / 驴肝肺
- 魚肝油 / 鱼肝油 (yúgānyóu)
- 鰵魚肝油 / 鳘鱼肝油
- 鳳髓龍肝 / 凤髓龙肝
- 麟肝鳳髓 / 麟肝凤髓
- 鼠肝蟲臂 / 鼠肝虫臂
- 龍肝豹胎 / 龙肝豹胎
- 龍肝鳳髓 / 龙肝凤髓 (lónggānfèngsuǐ)
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