壞

See also: 壊 and 坏

壞 U+58DE, 壞 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58DE ← 壝 [U+58DD] CJK Unified Ideographs 壟 → [U+58DF]

Translingual

Traditional	壞
Shinjitai	壊
Simplified	坏

Han character

壞 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 土卜田女 (GYWV), four-corner 4413₂, composition ⿰土褱)

Derived characters

• 蘾

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5590
• Dae Jaweon: page 481, character 27
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 500, character 2
• Unihan data for U+58DE

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 壞
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (褱) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
瓌	*kuːl
櫰	*kuːl, *ɡruːl
褱	*ɡruːl, *ɡruːl
懷	*ɡruːl
瀤	*ɡruːl
壞	*ɡruːls
蘾	*ɡruːls

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡruːls): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 褱 (OC *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl). The radical of the earth is used since something that rots eventually becomes earth.

Etymology 1

trad.		壞
simp.		坏*
alternative forms		坯

Compare Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to become putrid/rotten”), Tibetan བྲུལ (brul, “crumbles”) (Hill, 2019).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): huài (huai⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄞˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): huai⁴

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хуэй (huey, III)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): waai⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): vai⁵

• Gan (Wiktionary): fuai⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): fái / fai

  (Hailu, HRS): fai^ˊ / fai^˖

  (Meixian, Guangdong): fai⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): huai³
• Northern Min (KCR): huōi
• Eastern Min (BUC): huâi
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): huei⁵ / huai⁵
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hoāi / hoǎi / hāi

  (Teochew, Peng'im): huai⁶

  (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): huai⁷ / huai¹

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁶wa / ⁵ua; ⁶wa
• Xiang

  (Changsha, Wiktionary): fai⁴ / fai⁵

  (Loudi, Wiktionary): ghua⁵

  (Hengyang, Wiktionary): fai⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: huài
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: huài
    • Wade–Giles: huai⁴
    • Yale: hwài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huay
    • Palladius: хуай (xuaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯aɪ̯⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: huai⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xuai
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuai²¹³/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хуэй (huey, III)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuɛi⁴⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
    • Jyutping: waai⁶
    • Yale: waaih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: waai⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: wai⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /waːi̯²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: vai⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /vai³²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: fuai⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuai¹¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fái / fai
    • Hakka Romanization System: fai^ˋ / fai
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fai³ / fai⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /fai̯³¹/, /fai̯⁵⁵/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: fai^ˊ / fai^˖
    • Sinological IPA: /fai²⁴/, /fai³³/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: fai⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /faɪ⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: huai³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuai⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huōi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuɛ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: huâi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huɑi²⁴²/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Nanri)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: huei⁵
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: huāi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huei¹¹/
  • (Xianyou, Fengting)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: huei⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huei²¹/
  • (Jiangkou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: huai⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huɐi¹¹/
  • (Youyang)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: huai⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huai²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Yongchun, Zhangpu, Changtai, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoāi
    • Tâi-lô: huāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoai
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Yongchun, Changtai): /huai²²/
    • IPA (Nan'an): /huai³¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /huai⁴¹/
    • IPA (Hui'an): /huai²¹/
    • IPA (Zhangpu, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /huai³³/
  • (Hokkien: Longyan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoǎi
    • Tâi-lô: huǎi
    • IPA (Longyan): /huai⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāi
    • Tâi-lô: hāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hai
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hai³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: huai⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huăi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huai³⁵/
  • (Leizhou)
    • Leizhou Pinyin: huai⁷ / huai¹
    • Sinological IPA: /huai⁵⁵/, /huai³⁵/

Note:

• huai7 - literary;
• huai1 - vernacular.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶wa
    • MiniDict: wa^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhua
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦua²³/
  • (Northern: Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ⁵ua; ⁶wa
    • MiniDict: ua^去; wa^去
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /uɑ⁵²³/, /ɦuɑ²³¹/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: fai⁴ / fai⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɸai̯⁴⁵/, /ɸai̯²¹/
Note:
• fai4 - literary;
• fai5 - vernacular.
• • (Loudi)
    • Wiktionary: ghua⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɣu̯a¹¹/
  • (Hengyang)
    • Wiktionary: fai⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /v̥ai̯²¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: kweajH, hweajH

Rime
Character	壞	壞
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	皆 (34)	皆 (34)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	II	II
Fanqie	古壞切	胡怪切
Baxter	kweajH	hweajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠuɛiH/	/ɦˠuɛiH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷᵚæiH/	/ɦʷᵚæiH/
Shao Rongfen	/kuɐiH/	/ɣuɐiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwəɨjH/	/ɦwəɨjH/
Li Rong	/kuɛiH/	/ɣuɛiH/
Wang Li	/kwɐiH/	/ɣwɐiH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kwăiH/	/ɣwăiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guài	huài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwaai3	waai6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-[k]ˤ<r>uj-s/, /*m-[k]ˤ<r>uj-s/, /*N-[k]ˤujʔ/, /*m-[k]ˤujʔ/, /*[k]ʷˤ<r>ujʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡruːls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	壞	壞	壞	壞	壞
Reading #	1/5	2/5	3/5	4/5	5/5
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huài	huài	huài	huài	huài
Middle Chinese	‹ hwɛjH ›	‹ hwɛjH ›	‹ hwojX ›	‹ hwojX ›	‹ kwɛjH ›
Old Chinese	/*N-[k]ˁ<r>uj-s/	/*m-[k]ˁ<r>uj-s/	/*N-[k]ˁujʔ/	/*m-[k]ˁujʔ/	/*[k]ʷˁ<r>ujʔ-s/
English	be destroyed	destroy	be destroyed	destroy	destroy
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	壞
Reading #	1/1
No.	5344
Phonetic component	褱
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	壞
Old Chinese	/*ɡruːls/

Definitions

壞

1. bad

   壞人／坏人  ―  huàirén  ―  bad person

   壞習慣／坏习惯  ―  huài xíguàn  ―  bad habits

2. rotten; spoiled

   壞雞蛋／坏鸡蛋  ―  huài jīdàn  ―  rotten egg

   這蘋果壞了。／这苹果坏了。  ―  Zhè píngguǒ huài le.  ―  This apple is rotten.

   牛奶壞了。／牛奶坏了。  ―  Niúnǎi huài le.  ―  The milk is spoiled.

3. to spoil; to ruin

   壞了大事／坏了大事  ―  huài le dàshì  ―  to ruin an important thing

   過期的牛奶喝了會壞肚子。 [MSC, trad.]
   过期的牛奶喝了会坏肚子。 [MSC, simp.]

   Guòqī de niúnǎi hē le huì huài dùzi. [Pinyin]

   Drinking expired milk will (would cause or lead to) upset stomach (gastrointestinal symptoms).

4. to break; to stop working

   鏡子摔壞了／镜子摔坏了  ―  jìngzǐ shuāi huài le  ―  to have smashed a mirror

   聽說掃地機器人很容易壞。 [MSC, trad.]
   听说扫地机器人很容易坏。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tīngshuō sǎodì jīqìrén hěn róngyì huài. [Pinyin]

   I've heard that robot vacuums breaks (stops working) very easily.

   到而家都仲未壞，真係犀利。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   到而家都仲未坏，真系犀利。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   dou³ ji⁴ gaa¹ dou¹ zung⁶ mei⁶ waai⁶, zan¹ hai⁶ sai¹ lei⁶. [Jyutping]

   It's amazing, it hasn't broken.

5. (Classical) to collapse

   • 諺曰：「蠹眾而木折，隙大而牆壞。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     谚曰：「蠹众而木折，隙大而墙坏。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3^rd century BCE

     Yàn yuē: “Dù zhòng ér mù zhé, xì dà ér qiáng huài.” [Pinyin]

     The saying runs: 'Many woodworms and the wood snaps, a large fissure and the wall collapses.'

6. (Classical) to demolish; to destroy

   • 暴君代作，壞宮室以為汙池，民無所安息。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     暴君代作，坏宫室以为污池，民无所安息。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Bàojūn dàizuò, huài gōngshì yǐ wéi wūchí, mín wú suǒ ānxī. [Pinyin]

     Oppressive sovereigns arose one after another, who pulled down houses to make ponds and lakes, so that the people knew not where they could rest in quiet.

7. bad idea; dirty trick
8. extremely; very; highly

   嚇壞了／吓坏了  ―  xià huài le  ―  to be badly scared

Synonyms

• (bad):

Dialectal synonyms of 壞 (“bad; not good”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		惡
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		壞
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	壞, 賴
	Taiwan	壞
	Malaysia	壞
	Singapore	壞
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	壞, 孬, 賴
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	瞎, 壞
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	壞
	Wuhan	壞, 拐
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	壞
	Hefei	壞
Cantonese	Guangzhou	壞, 弊, 衰
	Hong Kong	壞, 衰
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	衰
	Yangjiang	壞
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	衰
	Singapore (Guangfu)	衰
Gan	Nanchang	壞
Hakka	Meixian	壞
	Wuhua (Meilin)	衰
Jin	Taiyuan	賴, 壞
Northern Min	Jian'ou	壞, 獰
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	呆, 否
Southern Min	Xiamen	歹, 䆀
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	歹
	Quanzhou	歹
	Jinjiang	歹
	Nan'an	歹
	Shishi	歹
	Zhangzhou	䆀
	Zhao'an	䆀, 孬
	Tainan	歹
	Penang (Hokkien)	䆀, 歹
	Singapore (Hokkien)	歹
	Manila (Hokkien)	歹
	Datian	歹
	Chaozhou	孬
	Shantou	孬
	Jieyang	孬, 歹
	Puning	孬
	Singapore (Teochew)	歹, 孬
	Leizhou	㾀
	Wenchang	㾀
	Haikou	㾀
	Singapore (Hainanese)	㾀
Wu	Shanghai	壞, 恘
	Suzhou	壞, 恘
	Ningbo	歪, 推扳, 嘸做
	Wenzhou	毛
Xiang	Changsha	壞, 拐
	Shuangfeng	壞, 拐

Dialectal synonyms of 壞 (“rotten; spoilt”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		壞
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	壞
	Malaysia	壞
	Singapore	壞
Cantonese	Hong Kong	壞
	Singapore (Guangfu)	壞
Hakka	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	壞
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	壞
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	壞
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	壞
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	壞
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	壞
Southern Min	Taipei	歹 GT
	Penang (Hokkien)	歹
	Singapore (Hokkien)	歹
Wu	Ningbo	壞, 嘸做
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

• (to spoil):

edit

• 朽壞 / 朽坏 (xiǔhuài)
• 朽弊 (xiǔbì) (literary)
• 朽敗 / 朽败 (xiǔbài)
• 朽爛 / 朽烂 (xiǔlàn) (literary)
• 朽腐 (xiǔfǔ)
• 糟 (zāo)
• 糟朽 (zāoxiǔ) (literary)
• 腐敗 / 腐败 (fǔbài)
• 腐朽 (fǔxiǔ)
• 腐爛 / 腐烂 (fǔlàn)
• 臭爛 / 臭烂 (Xiamen Hokkien)
• 䭞 / 𬲳 (Hokkien)

• (to ruin):

edit

• 亂 / 乱 (luàn) (literary, or in compounds)
• 僝僽 (chánzhòu) (literary)
• 圮毀 / 圮毁 (pǐhuǐ) (literary)
• 打掉 (dǎdiào)
• 損壞 / 损坏 (sǔnhuài)
• 損毀 / 损毁 (sǔnhuǐ)
• 搗砸 / 捣砸 (dau² zah⁵) (Jin)
• 摧殘 / 摧残 (cuīcán)
• 摧毀 / 摧毁 (cuīhuǐ)
• 毀 / 毁 (huǐ)
• 毀壞 / 毁坏 (huǐhuài)
• 毀損 / 毁损 (huǐsǔn)
• 決裂 / 决裂 (juéliè) (archaic)
• 破 (pò) (literary, or in compounds)
• 破壞 / 破坏 (pòhuài)
• 糟 (zāo) (literary, or in compounds)
• 糟蹋 (zāotà)
• 隳 (huī) (literary, or in compounds)

• (extremely):

edit

• 不要太 (bùyàotài) (slang)
• 十分 (shífēn)
• 危險 / 危险 (Wu)
• 孔 (kǒng) (literary, or in compounds)
• 很 (hěn)
• 極其 / 极其 (jíqí)
• 極度 / 极度 (jídù)
• 極為 / 极为 (jíwéi)
• 極端 / 极端 (jíduān)
• 滾 / 滚 (gǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
• 異常 / 异常 (yìcháng)
• 老大 (lǎodà) (colloquial, usually in the negative)
• 良
• 超 (chāo)
• 非常 (fēicháng)
• 頗 / 颇 (pō) (literary)
• 頗為 / 颇为 (pōwéi) (literary)

Antonyms

• (antonym(s) of “bad”): 好 (hǎo)

Compounds

• 壞主意 / 坏主意
• 壞事 / 坏事 (huàishì)
• 壞人 / 坏人 (huàirén)
• 壞分子 / 坏分子 (huàifènzǐ)
• 壞包兒 / 坏包儿 (huàibāor)
• 壞小子 / 坏小子 (huàixiǎozi)
• 壞心眼兒 / 坏心眼儿
• 壞東西 / 坏东西
• 壞死 / 坏死 (huàisǐ)
• 壞水 / 坏水 (huàishuǐ)
• 壞腸子 / 坏肠子
• 壞處 / 坏处 (huàichù)
• 壞蛋 / 坏蛋 (huàidàn)
• 壞血病 / 坏血病 (huàixuèbìng)
• 壞話 / 坏话 (huàihuà)
• 壞賬 / 坏账 (huàizhàng)
• 損壞 / 损坏 (sǔnhuài)
• 敗壞 / 败坏 (bàihuài)
• 破壞 / 破坏 (pòhuài)
• 破壞力 / 破坏力 (pòhuàilì)
• 禮崩樂壞 / 礼崩乐坏 (lǐbēngyuèhuài)
• 腐壞 / 腐坏 (fǔhuài)

Etymology 2

trad.		壞
simp.		坏*
alternative forms		獪／狯 乖 契 Siyi 蒯

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kwaai⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): kai³

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• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
    • Jyutping: kwaai⁴
    • Yale: kwàaih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kwaai⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: kuai⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷʰaːi̯²¹/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: kai³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai²²/

Definitions

壞

1. (Cantonese) naughty; mischievous; rebellious; disobedient

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 頑皮 (“naughty”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		頑皮, 調皮, 淘氣
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	皮, 淘氣, 淘, 猴, 猴兒
	Taiwan	皮, 調皮, 頑皮, 淘氣
	Langfang	調皮
	Singapore	頑皮
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	皮, 淘, 猴兒
	Tangshan	調皮
	Cangzhou	調皮
	Baoding	費
	Shijiazhuang	調皮
	Jinan	調皮, 皮, 淘
Central Plains Mandarin	Daming	費勁
	Xi'an	匪, 淘氣, 俏皮, 皮
	Xuzhou	皮臉
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	淘氣, 費, 千方兒
	Wuhan	神, 調皮, 淘氣
	Kunming	淘氣
	Guilin	跳皮
	Liuzhou	跳皮
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	調皮, 皮
	Nantong	犯厭
	Hefei	調皮, 皮, 頑皮
Cantonese	Guangzhou	跳皮, 百厭, 韌皮, 曳, 反斗, 星君, 扭計, 扭紋, 壞, 煞氣, 頑皮
	Hong Kong	跳皮, 百厭, 韌皮, 曳, 反斗, 壞, 星君, 犯神
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	百厭
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	頑皮
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	百厭
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	懆
	Macau	跳皮
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	曳, 跳皮, 百厭
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	韌皮
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	跳皮
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	百厭
	Foshan	曳, 跳皮, 百厭
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	曳
	Foshan (Shunde)	百厭
	Foshan (Sanshui)	跳皮, 百厭
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	頑皮
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	壞, 跳皮
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	壞
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	百厭, 壞
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	百厭
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	百厭
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	百厭
	Taishan	壞賞, 壞, 曳, 搞家, 譑蠻, 飛耍, 惡教, 匪類, 扭紋
	Kaiping (Chikan)	壞賞, 壞
	Enping (Niujiang)	壞鬼
	Heshan (Yayao)	韌皮
	Dongguan	曳, 百厭
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	百厭, 跳皮
	Yangjiang	跳皮, 蠻皮
	Nanning	跳皮, 百厭, 牛骨, 頑皮
	Wuzhou	韌皮, 百厭, 百跳
	Yulin	頑, 牛骨
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	跳皮, 勿乖
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	頑皮
	Singapore (Guangfu)	韌皮
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	扭計, 曳, 百厭
Gan	Nanchang	調皮, 頑皮
Hakka	Meixian	蠻皮, 蠻, 番綻, 綻頭, 綻皮, 綻, 懆, 跳皮
	Xingning	蠻, 懆
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	頑皮
	Huidong (Daling)	調皮, 綻頭, 懆
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	頑皮
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	跳皮
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	跳皮
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	綻, 懆
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	賤
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	頑皮
	Changting	綻, 懆
	Wuping	綻, 懆
	Wuping (Pingyu)	綻
	Liancheng	綻, 懆
	Ninghua	浪綻, 懆
	Ruijin	綻, 孽
	Shangyou (Shexi)	綻, 頑皮
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	番綻, 蠻皮, 綻頭, 孱頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	殘, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 蓋牛
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	番綻, 蠻綻, 綻, 綻頭, 孱頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	番綻, 綻頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	番綻, 綻頭, 綻剁頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	狡怪, 番, 賤頭, 牛, 牛頭, 牛獗, 賤, 真牛
	Hong Kong	頑皮
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	跳皮
	Senai (Huiyang)	跳皮
Jin	Taiyuan	頑皮
	Zhangjiakou	調皮
	Handan	費
Northern Min	Jian'ou	刁皮, 韌皮
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	刁皮, 楞蟶
	Fuqing	調皮
Southern Min	Xiamen	孽, 孽潲, 孽唆, 跳鬼, 刁皮, 跳限, 跳塌, 賤, 歹死, 揲, 揲篤, 皮
	Quanzhou	孽, 孽潲, 孽唆, 跳鬼, 賤, 歹死, 皮
	Zhangzhou	孽, 孽潲, 賤, 歹, 歹死, 皮
	Kaohsiung	賤
	Yilan	賤
	Changhua (Lukang)	狡怪
	Taichung	孽潲
	Taichung (Wuqi)	孽潲
	Tainan	作孽, 孽, 孽潲
	Taitung	孽潲
	Hsinchu	孽
	Penghu (Magong)	狡怪
	Penang (Hokkien)	孽, 怪孽, 歹死
	Singapore (Hokkien)	孽, 孽死, 孽潲, 賤, 歹死
	Manila (Hokkien)	歹死, 孽, 孽潲
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	調皮, 惡蠻, 蠻
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	頑皮
	Chaozhou	燦頭
	Shantou	野, 野死, 好耍, 頑皮
	Bangkok (Teochew)	跳皮
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	孬
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	跳皮, 百厭
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	頑皮, 跳皮
Wu	Shanghai	頑皮, 皮, 賴皮, 搨皮, 淘氣
	Shanghai (Chongming)	厭, 調皮, 頑皮
	Suzhou	皮, 調皮, 厭
	Wuxi	厭, 皮
	Danyang	調皮, 皮
	Hangzhou	厭, 調皮
	Ningbo	皮
	Wenzhou	調皮, 皮, 皮蚩, 蠻, 惡
	Jinhua	調皮, 皮, 皮面
Xiang	Changsha	跳皮, 跳夾
	Shuangfeng	跳皮, 頑皮
	Quanzhou	頑皮

References

• “壞”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “坏”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 156.

Japanese

Shinjitai	壊
Kyūjitai	壞

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 壞

壞

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壊)

1. Kyūjitai form of 壊: break

Readings

• Go-on: え (e)^{←ゑ (we, historical)}
• Kan-on: かい (kai)^{←くわい (kwai, historical)}
• Kun: こわす (kowasu, 壞す)^{←こはす (kofasu, 壞す, historical)}、こわれる (kowareru, 壞れる)^{←こはれる (kofareru, 壞れる, historical)}、やぶる (yaburu, 壞る)、やぶれる (yabureru, 壞れる)
• Nanori: つち (tsuchi)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 壞 (MC kweajH).

Historical readings

• Recorded as Middle Korean 괭〮 (Yale: kwáy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
• Recorded as Middle Korean 괴 (kwoy)^訓 (Yale: kwoy) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [kwe̞(ː)] ~ [kø̞(ː)]
• Phonetic hangul: [궤(ː)/괴(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

壞

壞 (eumhun 무너질 괴 (muneojil goe))

1. hanja form^? of 괴 (“to break; to collapse”)

Compounds

• 괴결 (壞決, goegyeol)
• 괴고 (壞苦, goego)
• 괴락 (壞落, goerak)
• 괴란 (壞亂, goeran)
• 괴멸 (壞滅, goemyeol)
• 괴변 (壞變, goebyeon)
• 괴사 (壞死, goesa)
• 괴색 (壞色, goesaek)
• 괴손 (壞損, goeson)
• 괴저 (壞疽, goejeo)
• 괴폐 (壞廢, goepye)
• 도괴 (倒壞, dogoe)
• 반괴 (半壞, ban'goe)
• 부괴 (腐壞, bugoe)
• 붕괴 (崩壞, bunggoe)
• 손괴 (損壞, son'goe)
• 자괴 (自壞, jagoe)
• 잔괴 (殘壞, jan'goe)
• 전괴 (全壞, jeon'goe)
• 파괴 (破壞, pagoe)
• 훼괴 (毁壞, hwegoe)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

壞: Hán Nôm readings: hoại, hoải, hoai

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.