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壞
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
Han character
壞 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 土卜田女 (GYWV), four-corner 44132, composition ⿰土褱)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 3
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5590
- Dae Jaweon: page 481, character 27
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 500, character 2
- Unihan data for U+58DE
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Chinese
Glyph origin
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡruːls): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 褱 (OC *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl). The radical of the earth is used since something that rots eventually becomes earth.
Etymology 1
Compare Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to become putrid/rotten”), Tibetan བྲུལ (brul, “crumbles”) (Hill, 2019).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): fuai5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): huai3
- Northern Min (KCR): huōi
- Eastern Min (BUC): huâi
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): huei5 / huai5
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 6wa / 5ua; 6wa
- Xiang
- (Changsha, Wiktionary): fai4 / fai5
- (Loudi, Wiktionary): ghua5
- (Hengyang, Wiktionary): fai5
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: huài
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄞˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: huài
- Wade–Giles: huai4
- Yale: hwài
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huay
- Palladius: хуай (xuaj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xu̯aɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: huai4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xuai
- Sinological IPA (key): /xuai²¹³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хуэй (huey, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xuɛi⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: waai6
- Yale: waaih
- Cantonese Pinyin: waai6
- Guangdong Romanization: wai6
- Sinological IPA (key): /waːi̯²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: vai5
- Sinological IPA (key): /vai³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: fuai5
- Sinological IPA (key): /fuai¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fái / fai
- Hakka Romanization System: faiˋ / fai
- Hagfa Pinyim: fai3 / fai4
- Sinological IPA: /fai̯³¹/, /fai̯⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: faiˊ / fai˖
- Sinological IPA: /fai²⁴/, /fai³³/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: huai3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuai⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huōi
- Sinological IPA (key): /xuɛ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: huâi
- Sinological IPA (key): /huɑi²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Nanri)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: huei5
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: huāi
- Sinological IPA (key): /huei¹¹/
- (Xianyou, Fengting)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: huei5
- Sinological IPA (key): /huei²¹/
- (Jiangkou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: huai5
- Sinological IPA (key): /huɐi¹¹/
- (Youyang)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: huai5
- Sinological IPA (key): /huai²¹/
- (Putian, Nanri)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Yongchun, Zhangpu, Changtai, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Longyan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoǎi
- Tâi-lô: huǎi
- IPA (Longyan): /huai⁵³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāi
- Tâi-lô: hāi
- Phofsit Daibuun: hai
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hai³³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: huai6
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huăi
- Sinological IPA (key): /huai³⁵/
- (Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: huai7 / huai1
- Sinological IPA: /huai⁵⁵/, /huai³⁵/
Note:
- huai7 - literary;
- huai1 - vernacular.
- fai4 - literary;
- fai5 - vernacular.
- (Loudi)
- Wiktionary: ghua5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɣu̯a¹¹/
- (Hengyang)
- Wiktionary: fai5
- Sinological IPA (key): /v̥ai̯²¹³/
- (Loudi)
Note:
- Middle Chinese: kweajH, hweajH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-[k]ˤ<r>uj-s/, /*m-[k]ˤ<r>uj-s/, /*N-[k]ˤujʔ/, /*m-[k]ˤujʔ/, /*[k]ʷˤ<r>ujʔ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡruːls/
Definitions
壞
- bad
- rotten; spoiled
- to spoil; to ruin
- to break; to stop working
- (Classical) to collapse
- 諺曰:「蠹眾而木折,隙大而牆壞。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
- From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3rd century BCE
- Yàn yuē: “Dù zhòng ér mù zhé, xì dà ér qiáng huài.” [Pinyin]
- The saying runs: 'Many woodworms and the wood snaps, a large fissure and the wall collapses.'
谚曰:「蠹众而木折,隙大而墙坏。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
- (Classical) to demolish; to destroy
- 暴君代作,壞宮室以為汙池,民無所安息。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Bàojūn dàizuò, huài gōngshì yǐ wéi wūchí, mín wú suǒ ānxī. [Pinyin]
- Oppressive sovereigns arose one after another, who pulled down houses to make ponds and lakes, so that the people knew not where they could rest in quiet.
暴君代作,坏宫室以为污池,民无所安息。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
- bad idea; dirty trick
- extremely; very; highly
Synonyms
- (bad):
- (to spoil):
- (to ruin):
- 亂 / 乱 (luàn) (literary, or in compounds)
- 僝僽 (chánzhòu) (literary)
- 圮毀 / 圮毁 (pǐhuǐ) (literary)
- 打掉 (dǎdiào)
- 損壞 / 损坏 (sǔnhuài)
- 損毀 / 损毁 (sǔnhuǐ)
- 搗砸 / 捣砸 (dau2 zah5) (Jin)
- 摧殘 / 摧残 (cuīcán)
- 摧毀 / 摧毁 (cuīhuǐ)
- 毀 / 毁 (huǐ)
- 毀壞 / 毁坏 (huǐhuài)
- 毀損 / 毁损 (huǐsǔn)
- 決裂 / 决裂 (juéliè) (archaic)
- 破 (pò) (literary, or in compounds)
- 破壞 / 破坏 (pòhuài)
- 糟 (zāo) (literary, or in compounds)
- 糟蹋 (zāotà)
- 隳 (huī) (literary, or in compounds)
- (extremely):
- 不要太 (bùyàotài) (slang)
- 十分 (shífēn)
- 危險 / 危险 (Wu)
- 孔 (kǒng) (literary, or in compounds)
- 很 (hěn)
- 極其 / 极其 (jíqí)
- 極度 / 极度 (jídù)
- 極為 / 极为 (jíwéi)
- 極端 / 极端 (jíduān)
- 滾 / 滚 (gǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
- 異常 / 异常 (yìcháng)
- 老大 (lǎodà) (colloquial, usually in the negative)
- 良
- 超 (chāo)
- 非常 (fēicháng)
- 頗 / 颇 (pō) (literary)
- 頗為 / 颇为 (pōwéi) (literary)
Antonyms
- (antonym(s) of “bad”): 好 (hǎo)
Compounds
- 壞主意 / 坏主意
- 壞事 / 坏事 (huàishì)
- 壞人 / 坏人 (huàirén)
- 壞分子 / 坏分子 (huàifènzǐ)
- 壞包兒 / 坏包儿 (huàibāor)
- 壞小子 / 坏小子 (huàixiǎozi)
- 壞心眼兒 / 坏心眼儿
- 壞東西 / 坏东西
- 壞死 / 坏死 (huàisǐ)
- 壞水 / 坏水 (huàishuǐ)
- 壞腸子 / 坏肠子
- 壞處 / 坏处 (huàichù)
- 壞蛋 / 坏蛋 (huàidàn)
- 壞血病 / 坏血病 (huàixuèbìng)
- 壞話 / 坏话 (huàihuà)
- 壞賬 / 坏账 (huàizhàng)
- 損壞 / 损坏 (sǔnhuài)
- 敗壞 / 败坏 (bàihuài)
- 破壞 / 破坏 (pòhuài)
- 破壞力 / 破坏力 (pòhuàilì)
- 禮崩樂壞 / 礼崩乐坏 (lǐbēngyuèhuài)
- 腐壞 / 腐坏 (fǔhuài)
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: kwaai4
- Yale: kwàaih
- Cantonese Pinyin: kwaai4
- Guangdong Romanization: kuai4
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʷʰaːi̯²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: kai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰai²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
壞
Synonyms
References
- “壞”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “坏”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 156.
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Japanese
壊 | |
壞 |
Kanji
壞
(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壊)
Readings
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 壞 (MC kweajH).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean 괭〮 (Yale: kwáy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 괴 (kwoy)訓 (Yale: kwoy) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kwe̞(ː)] ~ [kø̞(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [궤(ː)/괴(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
壞 (eumhun 무너질 괴 (muneojil goe))
Compounds
- 괴결 (壞決, goegyeol)
- 괴고 (壞苦, goego)
- 괴락 (壞落, goerak)
- 괴란 (壞亂, goeran)
- 괴멸 (壞滅, goemyeol)
- 괴변 (壞變, goebyeon)
- 괴사 (壞死, goesa)
- 괴색 (壞色, goesaek)
- 괴손 (壞損, goeson)
- 괴저 (壞疽, goejeo)
- 괴폐 (壞廢, goepye)
- 도괴 (倒壞, dogoe)
- 반괴 (半壞, ban'goe)
- 부괴 (腐壞, bugoe)
- 붕괴 (崩壞, bunggoe)
- 손괴 (損壞, son'goe)
- 자괴 (自壞, jagoe)
- 잔괴 (殘壞, jan'goe)
- 전괴 (全壞, jeon'goe)
- 파괴 (破壞, pagoe)
- 훼괴 (毁壞, hwegoe)
References
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Vietnamese
Han character
壞: Hán Nôm readings: hoại, hoải, hoai
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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