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世
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
Han character
世 (Kangxi radical 1, 一+4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 心廿 (PT), four-corner 44717, composition ⿻廿𠃊)
Derived characters
Descendants
- せ (Hiragana character derived from man'yōgana)
- セ (Katakana character derived from man'yōgana)
Further reading
Kangxi Dictionary: 一部/四畫 on the Chinese Wikisource.
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 77, character 11
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31
- Dae Jaweon: page 155, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 14, character 6
- Unihan data for U+4E16
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Chinese
Glyph origin
- Pictogram (象形) – three leaves on a branch. The derivative 葉 (OC *hljeb, *leb) refers to the original word.
- Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): Triplication of 十 (“ten”) - thirty, such as a variant form 丗. Thirty years make one generation (thirty times twelve months gives 360 months). Compare 廿 (OC *njɯb, “twenty”).
Etymology
世 (OC *hljebs) is derived from iterative devoicing of 葉 (OC *leb, “leaf”) + *-s suffix, meaning successive foliages of a tree > generations. Compare Tibetan ལོ་མ (lo ma, “leaf”), Western Tibetan ལོབ་མ (lob ma, “leaf”) and Tibetan ལོ (lo, “year”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): si4
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): shī
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): shiī
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): шы (šɨ, III)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sai3
- (Dongguan, Jyutping++): soi3
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): sai1
- Gan (Wiktionary): si4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): si3
- Northern Min (KCR): si̿
- Eastern Min (BUC): sié
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): si4 / se4
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5sy
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): shr4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: shì
- Zhuyin: ㄕˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: shìh
- Wade–Giles: shih4
- Yale: shr̀
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyh
- Palladius: ши (ši)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: si4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: s
- Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩²¹³/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: shī
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: shiī
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): shii4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂʐ̩⁴⁴/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: шы (šɨ, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂʐ̩⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: sai3
- Yale: sai
- Cantonese Pinyin: sai3
- Guangdong Romanization: sei3
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɐi̯³³/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
- Jyutping++: soi3
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɔi³²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: sai1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sai³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: si4
- Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ / se
- Hakka Romanization System: sii / se
- Hagfa Pinyim: si4 / se4
- Sinological IPA: /sɨ⁵⁵/, /se⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: shiˇ / sheˇ
- Sinological IPA: /ʃi¹¹/, /ʃe¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: si3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /sz̩⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: si̿
- Sinological IPA (key): /si³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sié
- Sinological IPA (key): /siɛ²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: si4
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: si̍
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬi⁴²/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: se4
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sa̤̍
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬe⁴²/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
Note:
- si4 - vernacular;
- se4 - literary.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: syejH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ap-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*hljebs/
Definitions
世
- generation
- 子曰:「如有王者,必世而後仁。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐ yuē: “Rú yǒu wángzhě, bì shì ér hòu rén.” [Pinyin]
- The Master said, "If a truly royal ruler were to arise, it would still require a generation, and then virtue would prevail."
子曰:「如有王者,必世而后仁。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
- (literary, or in compounds) for many generations; spanning many generations
- 下武維周,世有哲王。三后在天,王配于京。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Xià wǔ wéi Zhōu, shì yǒu zhé wáng. Sān hòu zài tiān, wáng pèi yú jīng. [Pinyin]
- Successors tread in the steps [of their predecessors] in our Zhou; for generations there had been wise kings. The three sovereigns were in heaven; and king [Wu] was their worthy successor in his capital.
下武维周,世有哲王。三后在天,王配于京。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (in terms of address) longstanding friendship between two families; generations of family friendship
- 世伯 ― shìbó ― uncle (friend of one's father)
- lifetime; all one's life; one's whole life
- era; period; time
- 鴻荒之世,聖人惡之,是以法始乎伏犠而成乎堯。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
- From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE
- Hónghuāng zhī shì, shèngrén wù zhī, shìyǐ fǎ shǐ hū Fúxī ér chéng hū Yáo. [Pinyin]
- The sages hated the primeval time. Thus, laws and institutions were established by Fuxi and were completed by Yao.
鸿荒之世,圣人恶之,是以法始乎伏犠而成乎尧。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
- (geology) epoch (geochronologic unit)
- 全新世 ― quánxīnshì ― holocene
- world; people in the world
- 世稱東方生之盛也,言不純師,行不純表,其流風、遺書,蔑如也。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
- From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE
- Shì chēng Dōngfāng shēng zhī shèng yě, yán bù chún shī, xíng bù chún biǎo, qí liúfēng, yíshū, mièrú yě. [Pinyin]
- The world lauds the exuberance of Dongfang Shuo's life. But in speaking, he was not sincere enough to be a teacher, and in action, he was not sincere enough to be a role model. The remnants of his writings that are still floating around should be discarded.
世称东方生之盛也,言不纯师,行不纯表,其流风、遗书,蔑如也。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]- 1863, “大旨言耶穌爲世之大光照臨萬國也”, in Charles Finney Preston, transl., 《耶穌言行撮要俗話》, Guangzhou: 雙門底福音堂, 約翰 [John] 1:10:
- (literary, or in compounds) dynasty; regime
- 問今是何世,乃不知有漢,無論魏晉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Peach Blossom Spring (桃花源記), by Tao Yuanming, 421 (Wiktionary translation)
- Wèn jīn shì hé shì, nǎi bùzhī yǒu Hàn, wúlùn Wèi Jìn. [Pinyin]
- They asked what the current ruling dynasty was. Surprisingly, they had not even heard of the Han, let alone the Wei and the Jin.
问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 爰自麗世之季,及至我朝之初,屢經島夷之陸梁,寺亦焚燬。 [Korean Literary Sinitic, trad.]
- From: Former inscription at Gunjasa Temple, Hamyang County, 1684
- 원자여세지계(로) 급지아조지초(히) 누경도이지육량(하야) 사역분훼(라)
Won ja Yeo se ji gye[-ro], geupji ajo ji cho[-hi], nu gyeong doi ji yungnyang[-haya], sa yeok bunhwe[-ra]. [Sino-Korean] - From the end of the Goryeo dynasty to the early years of the present dynasty, [the area] suffered repeated incursions by the island savages, and the temple was also burnt and destroyed.
- (literary, or in compounds) year; age
- (literary, or in compounds) worldly; profane; secular
- 人情世故 ― rénqíngshìgù ― ways of the world
- a surname
Synonyms
- (generation): 代 (dài)
- (for many generations):
- (lifetime):
- (era):
- (world):
- (dynasty):
Compounds
- 一世 (yīshì)
- 上世 (shàngshì)
- 三世 (sānshì)
- 下世 (xiàshì)
- 上新世 (Shàngxīnshì)
- 不世 (bùshì)
- 不偶世
- 世上 (shìshàng)
- 世世代代 (shìshìdàidài)
- 世主 (shìzhǔ)
- 世事 (shìshì)
- 世交 (shìjiāo)
- 世人 (shìrén)
- 世仇 (shìchóu)
- 世代 (shìdài)
- 世伯 (shìbó)
- 世侄 (shìzhí)
- 世依
- 世俗 (shìsú)
- 世傳 / 世传 (shìchuán)
- 世儒
- 世兄 (shìxiōng)
- 世典
- 世務 / 世务 (shìwù)
- 世及
- 世叔
- 世味
- 世嗣宦族
- 世外桃源 (shìwàitáoyuán)
- 世好
- 世婦 / 世妇 (shìfù)
- 世子 (shìzǐ)
- 世家 (shìjiā)
- 世尊 (Shìzūn)
- 世局 (shìjú)
- 世居 (shìjū)
- 世弟
- 世德 (shìdé)
- 世恩錄 / 世恩录
- 世情 (shìqíng)
- 世態 / 世态 (shìtài)
- 世故 (shìgù)
- 世教
- 世新大學 / 世新大学
- 世族 (shìzú)
- 世業 / 世业 (shìyè)
- 世母
- 世法
- 世海他人
- 世父 (shìfù)
- 世牒
- 世界 (shìjiè)
- 世系 (shìxì)
- 世紀 / 世纪 (shìjì)
- 世綵堂 / 世彩堂
- 世胙
- 世胄 (shìzhòu)
- 世臺 / 世台
- 世表
- 世衰道微 (shìshuāidàowēi)
- 世襲 / 世袭 (shìxí)
- 世說新語 / 世说新语 (Shìshuōxīnyǔ)
- 世誼 / 世谊
- 世論 / 世论 (shìlùn)
- 世講 / 世讲
- 世譜 / 世谱
- 世變 / 世变 (shìbiàn)
- 世貿中心 / 世贸中心
- 世路
- 世運 / 世运 (Shìyùn)
- 世道 (shìdào)
- 世醫 / 世医 (shìyī)
- 世間 / 世间 (shìjiān)
- 世面 (shìmiàn)
- 世風 / 世风 (shìfēng)
- 並世 / 并世 (bìngshì)
- 中世 (Zhōngshì)
- 中新世
- 九世之仇 (jiǔshìzhīchóu)
- 亂世 / 乱世 (luànshì)
- 二世 (èrshì)
- 五世其昌
- 五濁惡世 / 五浊恶世
- 人世 (rénshì)
- 今世 (jīnshì)
- 來世 / 来世 (láishì)
- 偷世竊名 / 偷世窃名
- 傲世 (àoshì)
- 傾世 / 倾世 (qīngshì)
- 傳世 / 传世 (chuánshì)
- 元世祖
- 先世 (xiānshì)
- 入世 (rùshì)
- 兩世姻緣 / 两世姻缘
- 公諸於世 / 公诸于世 (gōngzhūyúshì)
- 再世 (zàishì)
- 冠世之才
- 出世 (chūshì)
- 前世 (qiánshì)
- 創世 / 创世 (chuàngshì)
- 勸世 / 劝世 (quànshì)
- 化世
- 半世 (bànshì)
- 即世 (jíshì)
- 厭世 / 厌世 (yànshì)
- 厲世摩鈍 / 厉世摩钝
- 去世 (qùshì)
- 叔世 (shūshì)
- 古新世
- 名世
- 命世 (mìngshì)
- 問世 / 问世 (wènshì)
- 喻世明言
- 在世 (zàishì)
- 塵世 / 尘世 (chénshì)
- 夙世冤家
- 夙世因緣 / 夙世因缘
- 大同之世
- 夷世
- 奕世
- 媚世 (mèishì)
- 季世 (jìshì)
- 家世 (jiāshì)
- 宿世
- 就世
- 希世 (xīshì)
- 平世
- 幻世
- 度世
- 後世 / 后世 (hòushì)
- 御世 (yùshì)
- 忿世嫉俗
- 忿世嫉邪
- 怨世罵時 / 怨世骂时
- 惑世盜名 / 惑世盗名
- 慢世
- 憤世 / 愤世
- 應世 / 应世
- 才為世出 / 才为世出
- 故世 (gùshì)
- 救世 (jiùshì)
- 敦世厲俗 / 敦世厉俗
- 明世 (míngshì)
- 時世 / 时世 (shíshì)
- 時移世易 / 时移世易 (shíyíshìyì)
- 時移世異 / 时移世异
- 時移世變 / 时移世变
- 晚世
- 晻世 / 暗世
- 暮世
- 曠世 / 旷世 (kuàngshì)
- 曲學阿世 / 曲学阿世 (qūxué'ēshì)
- 末世 (mòshì)
- 棄世 / 弃世 (qìshì)
- 欺世亂俗 / 欺世乱俗
- 欺世惑俗
- 欺世盜名 / 欺世盗名 (qīshìdàomíng)
- 欺世罔俗
- 欺世釣譽 / 欺世钓誉
- 永世 (yǒngshì)
- 沒世 / 没世 (mòshì)
- 泉世 (quánshì)
- 治世 (zhìshì)
- 流傳於世 / 流传于世
- 洪積世 / 洪积世
- 浮世 (fúshì)
- 涉世 (shèshì)
- 淑世
- 清世 (qīngshì)
- 混世魔王
- 渾世 / 浑世
- 濁世 / 浊世 (zhuóshì)
- 濟世 / 济世 (jìshì)
- 濟時拯世 / 济时拯世
- 無補於世 / 无补于世
- 玩世 (wánshì)
- 現世 / 现世 (xiànshì)
- 生生世世 (shēngshēngshìshì)
- 用世
- 當世 / 当世 (dāngshì)
- 疾世憤俗 / 疾世愤俗
- 百世 (bǎishì)
- 盛世 (shèngshì)
- 盜名欺世 / 盗名欺世 (qīshìdàomíng)
- 盡世 / 尽世
- 知人論世 / 知人论世
- 矯世 / 矫世
- 萬世 / 万世 (wànshì)
- 稀世 (xīshì)
- 立世
- 累世 (lěishì)
- 絕世 / 绝世 (juéshì)
- 經世 / 经世 (jīngshì)
- 緯世 / 纬世
- 繫世 / 系世
- 老世陳 / 老世陈 (Lǎoshìchén)
- 聞名於世 / 闻名于世 (wénmíngyúshì)
- 背世
- 與世俯仰 / 与世俯仰
- 與世偃仰 / 与世偃仰
- 與世沉浮 / 与世沉浮
- 與世浮沉 / 与世浮沉
- 與世無爭 / 与世无争 (yǔshìwúzhēng)
- 與世長辭 / 与世长辞 (yǔshìchángcí)
- 與世靡爭 / 与世靡争
- 舉世 / 举世 (jǔshì)
- 華胥世 / 华胥世
- 蓋世 / 盖世 (gàishì)
- 處世 / 处世 (chǔshì)
- 衰世
- 見世報 / 见世报
- 覺世 / 觉世
- 觀世音 / 观世音 (Guānshìyīn)
- 詭辭欺世 / 诡辞欺世
- 謝世 / 谢世 (xièshì)
- 譁世取寵 / 哗世取宠
- 警世 (jǐngshì)
- 超世之才
- 超世拔俗
- 超世絕俗 / 超世绝俗
- 超世絕倫 / 超世绝伦
- 身世 (shēnshì)
- 輕世傲物 / 轻世傲物
- 轉世 / 转世 (zhuǎnshì)
- 辟世
- 辭世 / 辞世 (císhì)
- 近世 (jìnshì)
- 迍邅之世
- 逃世
- 逢世
- 逝世 (shìshì)
- 逸世超群
- 過世 / 过世 (guòshì)
- 遁世 (dùnshì)
- 違世遁俗 / 违世遁俗
- 遯世 / 遁世
- 遺世 / 遗世 (yíshì)
- 避世 (bìshì)
- 邁世 / 迈世
- 邪世 (xiéshì)
- 醒世 (xǐngshì)
- 重世
- 釣名欺世 / 钓名欺世
- 長世 / 长世
- 閱世 / 阅世
- 降世 (jiàngshì)
- 陰世 / 阴世
- 陽世 / 阳世 (yángshì)
- 隔世 (géshì)
- 隨世沉浮 / 随世沉浮
- 離世 / 离世 (líshì)
- 面世 (miànshì)
- 風世勵俗 / 风世励俗
- 驚世駭俗 / 惊世骇俗 (jīngshìhàisú)
- 高世
References
- “世”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
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