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乃
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
Traditional Chinese and Japanese | |||
Han character
乃 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 弓竹尸 (NHS), four-corner 17227, composition ⿹㇡丿)
Derived characters
Descendants
- の (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
- ノ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 81, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 113
- Dae Jaweon: page 165, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 31, character 5
- Unihan data for U+4E43
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Chinese
Glyph origin
Its original form is 𠄎 and its origin is uncertain. Various theories exists:
- Chen Duxiu, Guo Moruo: Pictogram (象形) – sideway view of a person with protruding breasts. Original form of 奶 (OC *rneːlʔ)
- Zhu Fangpu: Pictogram (象形) – a rope. Original form of 繩 (OC *ɦbljɯŋ)
- Wang Yunzhi, Shihong: Pictogram (象形) – a rope in midair being thrown. Used as a component in 扔 (OC *njɯŋ, *njɯŋs).
- Lin Yiguang: Ideogram (指事) – the shape of dragging or pulling.
Unrelated to 廴.
Etymology 1
- “you; your”
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”).
- "then; now"
- Related to Tibetan ན (na, postposition following temporal causes) (Coblin, 1986).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): nai1
- Eastern Min (BUC): nāi
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nai3
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ne
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: nǎi
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄞˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: nǎi
- Wade–Giles: nai3
- Yale: nǎi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nae
- Palladius: най (naj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /naɪ̯²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: naai5
- Yale: náaih
- Cantonese Pinyin: naai5
- Guangdong Romanization: nai5
- Sinological IPA (key): /naːi̯¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: nai4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ⁿdai²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: nāi
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡai³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: nai3
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: nâi
- Sinological IPA (key): /nai⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: nai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /nai³³²/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
Note:
- nái - literary;
- ná/nǎ - vernacular.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: nojX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤə(ŋ)ʔ/, /*nˤəʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*nɯːʔ/
Definitions
乃
- (literary) you, your
- (literary) be
- 呂公女乃呂后也，生孝惠帝、魯元公主。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Lǚ Gōng nǚ nǎi Lǚ Hòu yě, shēng Xiàohuì Dì, Lǔyuán Gōngzhǔ. [Pinyin]
- The daughter of Lü Gong was Empress Lü, who gave birth to Emperor Hui and Princess Luyuan.
吕公女乃吕后也，生孝惠帝、鲁元公主。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
- (literary) then; hence
- 相如度秦王雖齋，決負約不償城，乃使其從者衣褐，懷其璧，從徑道亡，歸璧於趙。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Xiàngrú duò Qín wáng suī zhāi, jué fùyuē bù cháng chéng, nǎi shǐ qí cóngzhě yì hè, huái qí bì, cóng jìngdào wáng, guī bì yú Zhào. [Pinyin]
- Lin Xiangru reckoned even though the King of Qin agreed to fast, he would certainly break his promise and not hand over the cities. Hence, he ordered his servant to put on ragged clothes, hide the jade under his bosom, and flee Qin on trails, in order to smuggle the jade back to Zhao.
相如度秦王虽斋，决负约不偿城，乃使其从者衣褐，怀其璧，从径道亡，归璧于赵。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
- (literary) only then; not ... until
- Synonym: 才 (cái)
- 趙王送璧時齋戒五日。今大王亦宜齋戒五日，設九賓於廷，臣乃敢上璧。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Zhào wáng sòng bì shí zhāijiè wǔ rì. Jīn dàwáng yì yí zhāijiè wǔrì, shè jiǔbīn yú tíng, chén nǎi gǎn shàng bì. [Pinyin]
- The King of Zhao fasted for five days before sending the jade off. Now Your Majesty should also fast for five days, and receive me with the Ceremony of Jiubin at the court. Only then will I dare to present the jade.
赵王送璧时斋戒五日。今大王亦宜斋戒五日，设九宾于廷，臣乃敢上璧。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]- 沛公謂張良曰：「從此道至吾軍，不過二十里耳。度我至軍中，公乃入。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Pèi Gōng wèi Zhāng Liáng yuē: “Cóng cǐ dào zhì wú jūn, bùguò èrshí lǐ ěr. Duò wǒ zhì jūn zhōng, gōng nǎi rù.” [Pinyin]
- Liu Bang said to Zhang Liang, "It is only twenty lis from here to our camp. Only after you estimate that I have arrived at our camp should you enter."
沛公谓张良曰：「从此道至吾军，不过二十里耳。度我至军中，公乃入。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
- (literary) but
- 不見子都，乃見狂且。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Bù jiàn Zǐdōu, nǎi jiàn kuángqiě. [Pinyin]
- I do not see Zidu, but I see this mad fellow.
不见子都，乃见狂且。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]- 11th c., 司馬光 [Sima Guang], “訓儉示康”:
- (literary) surprisingly; unexpectedly
- Synonym: 竟然 (jìngrán)
- 421, 陶淵明 [Tao Yuanming], “桃花源記 [The Peach Blossom Spring]”:
- 問今是何世，乃不知有漢，無論魏晉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- Wèn jīn shì hé shì, nǎi bùzhī yǒu hàn, wúlùn Wèi Jìn. [Pinyin]
- They asked what the current ruling dynasty was. Surprisingly, they had not even heard of the Han, let alone the Wei and the Jin. [Wiktionary translation]
问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Mainland China, Internet slang, cute-sounding) you (singular)
- 乃萌 ― nǎiméng ― (cute-sounding variant of 你們) you (plural)
- (Northern Wu) now
Synonyms
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
- Cantonese (Taishan, Wiktionary): nai4 / nai4*
- Cantonese
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: nai4 / nai4*
- Sinological IPA (key): /ⁿdai²¹/, /ⁿdai²¹⁻²¹⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
Definitions
乃
- (Taishanese, colloquial) alternative form of 哪 (“which; where”)
Etymology 3
Pronunciation
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nai3 / nae3
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: nai3
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: nâi
- Sinological IPA (key): /nai⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: nai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /nai³³²/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: nae3
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: nê
- Sinological IPA (key): /nɛ⁴⁵³/
- (Putian)
Definitions
乃
- (Puxian Min) an interjection for response
- (Puxian Min) why
- (Puxian Min) what to do
- 叫我卜乃？ [Puxian Min] ― gieo4 gua3 boh6 nai3? [Pouseng Ping'ing] ― What do you want me to do?
- (Puxian Min) how
Compounds
References
- 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “乃”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 393.
- 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “乃”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 162.
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Japanese
Kanji
乃
- from
- possessive particle
- whereupon
- accordingly
- you
Readings
- Go-on: ない (nai)、え (e)
- Kan-on: だい (dai)
- Kun: お (o, 乃)、すなわち (sunawachi, 乃ち)、なんじ (nanji, 乃)←なんぢ (nandi, 乃, historical)←なむち (namuti, 乃, ancient)、の (no, 乃)
- Nanori: おさむ (osamu)←をさむ (wosamu, historical)、のり (nori)
Alternative reading as in 欸乃, compare Mandarin ǎoǎi, Cantonese oi1 oi2:
Definitions
| For pronunciation and definitions of 乃 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 乃, is an alternative spelling (rare, literary) of the above term.) |
Korean
Hanja
- hanja form? of 내 (“then”)
- hanja form? of 내 (“really, indeed”)
- hanja form? of 내 (“as it turned out, after all”)
References
Old Korean
Alternative forms
- 言利, 曰利 (logographic variant)
Verb
乃 (*nwoy-)
Descendants
- Korean: 뇌다 (noeda, “to say repeatedly”)
- ⇒ Korean: 되뇌다 (doenoeda, “to repeat the same thing”)
- ⇒ Korean: 뇌까리다 (noekkarida, “to say whatever comes to mind”)
Further reading
- 남풍현 (Nam Pung-hyeon) (2018), “ko:<願往生歌>의 새로운 解讀 [A new reading of the Wonwangsaeng-ga]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 41, pages 5-27
- 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop) (2009), 釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Taehaksa, →ISBN
- 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2014), “구결자료의 어휘 [gugyeoljaryoui eohwi, Vocabulary in the gugyeol sources]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 33, pages 23–61
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Vietnamese
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