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羨
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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See also: 羡
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Translingual
Han character
羨 (Kangxi radical 123, 羊+7, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿土水弓人 (TGENO), four-corner 80182, composition ⿱𦍌㳄)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 952, character 31
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28503
- Dae Jaweon: page 1396, character 25
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3134, character 10
- Unihan data for U+7FA8
Chinese
Glyph origin
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 羊 (“sheep”) + 㳄 (“saliva”) – to envy.
羊 may be interpreted as a beautiful sheep or good mutton (cf. 美 “beautiful” and 善 “good”).
The Kangxi Dictionary, following 《佩觿》, enters the word in etymology 2 as 羡, separating it from 羨 (etymology 1). This is also followed by dictionaries such as Hanyu Da Cidian and Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, but Zhongwen Da Cidian disagrees with this treatment. (Hanyu Da Zidian regards 羡 as the main form of all pronunciations.) According to 《說文解字羣經正字》:
- 羨，貪欲也，今經典往往作羡。郭忠恕《佩觿》分羨、羡爲二字。羡，以脂翻，江夏地名；羨，似面翻，慕也。非也，字書無从次之字，惟一字而數音耳。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 《說文解字羣經正字》, quoted from Zhongwen Da Cidian
- 羨 (Xiàn), tānyù yě, jīn jīngdiǎn wǎngwǎng zuò 羡. Guō Zhōngshù “Pèixī” fēn 羨 (xiàn), 羡 (yí) wéi èr zì. Yí, yǐ zhī fān, Jiāngxià dìmíng; xiàn, sì miàn fān, mù yě. Fēi yě, zìshū wú cóng 次 (cì) zhī zì, wéi yī zì ér shù yīn ěr. [Pinyin]
- 羨, meaning "to covet", is now frequently written as 羡 in the classics. Guo Zhongshu's Peixi distinguishes 羨 and 羡 as separate characters. 羡, fanqie 以脂, name of a place in Jiangxia. 羨, fanqie 似面, to desire. This is not the case. There's no such character with the 次 element in character dictionaries. There is only one character but several pronunciations.
羡，贪欲也，今经典往往作羡。郭忠恕《佩觿》分羡、羡为二字。羡，以脂翻，江夏地名；羡，似面翻，慕也。非也，字书无从次之字，惟一字而数音耳。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Etymology 1
Possibly related to 餘 (OC *la, “surplus”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007). If true, then Vietnamese ghen with velar initial cannot be its descendant (as proposed by Baxter & Sagart, 2014).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): xien5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): xie3
- Northern Min (KCR): sīng
- Eastern Min (BUC): siêng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): eng4
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6zhi
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sienn4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
- Wade–Giles: hsien4
- Yale: syàn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
- Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: xian4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xian
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕiɛn²¹³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: sin6
- Yale: sihn
- Cantonese Pinyin: sin6
- Guangdong Romanization: xin6
- Sinological IPA (key): /siːn²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: lhun5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬun³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: xien5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕiɛn¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sien
- Hakka Romanization System: xien
- Hagfa Pinyim: xian4
- Sinological IPA: /si̯en⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: sienˇ
- Sinological IPA: /sien¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: xie3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sīng
- Sinological IPA (key): /siŋ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: siêng
- Sinological IPA (key): /siɛŋ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou, Jiangkou, Youyang, Fengting)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: eng4
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: e̍ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɛŋ⁴²/
- (Nanri)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: eng4
- Sinological IPA (key): /e̞ŋ⁴²/
- (Putian, Xianyou, Jiangkou, Youyang, Fengting)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siǎn
- Tâi-lô: siǎn
- IPA (Quanzhou): /siɛn²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soān
- Tâi-lô: suān
- Phofsit Daibuun: soan
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /suan³³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /suan²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soan
- Tâi-lô: suan
- Phofsit Daibuun: soafn
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /suan⁴⁴/
Note:
- Xiamen, Zhangzhou:
- siān - literary;
- soān - vernacular.
- surname:
- siān - Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou;
- soān - Zhangzhou;
- soan - Taiwan.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: iang6 / iêng6
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iăng / iĕng
- Sinological IPA (key): /iaŋ³⁵/, /ieŋ³⁵/
- (Teochew)
- iang6 - Shantou;
- iêng6 - Chaozhou.
Note:
- Middle Chinese: zjenH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-N-qa[r]-s/, /*s-[ɢ]a[n]-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ljans/
Definitions
羨
- to envy; to admire
- (literary) surplus
- 四方有羨，我獨居憂。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Sìfāng yǒu xiàn, wǒ dú jū yōu. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
四方有羡，我独居忧。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]- 子不通功易事，以羨補不足，則農有餘粟，女有餘布。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐ bù tōnggōngyìshì, yǐ xiàn bǔ bùzú, zé nóng yǒu yú sù, nǚ yǒu yú bù. [Pinyin]
- If you do not have an intercommunication of the productions of labour, and an interchange of men's services, so that one from his overplus may supply the deficiency of another, then husbandmen will have a superfluity of grain, and women will have a superfluity of cloth.
子不通功易事，以羡补不足，则农有余粟，女有余布。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) to exceed
- (obsolete) crooked; evil
- 10th tetragram of the Taixuanjing (𝌏)
- a surname
Compounds
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: yí
- Zhuyin: ㄧˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yí
- Wade–Giles: i2
- Yale: yí
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yi
- Palladius: и (i)
- Sinological IPA (key): /i³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Middle Chinese: yij
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*lel/
Definitions
羨
- only used in 沙羨／沙羡 (“Shayi (county)”)
Etymology 3
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: yán
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yán
- Wade–Giles: yen2
- Yale: yán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
- Palladius: янь (janʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɛn³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: yàn
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yàn
- Wade–Giles: yen4
- Yale: yàn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yann
- Palladius: янь (janʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɛn⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Middle Chinese: yenH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]a[n]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*lans/
Definitions
羨
References
- “羨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “羡”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 214.
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Japanese
Kanji
羨
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Readings
Compounds
Korean
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 羨 (MC zjenH).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean 쎤〮 (Yale: ssyén) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 션 (syen)訓 (Yale: syen) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰɘ(ː)n]
- Phonetic hangul: [선(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
Compounds
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese 羨 (MC yenH).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean 연〮 (Yale: yén) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [jʌ̹n]
- Phonetic hangul: [연]
Hanja
Compounds
- 연도 (羨道, yeondo)
- 연도분 (羨道墳, yeondobun, “passage grave”)
- 연문 (羨門, yeonmun)
References
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