sin

See also: Appendix:Variations of "sin"

Languages (66)

Translingual • English

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Translingual

Etymology 1

Clipping of English sine.

Symbol

sin

1. (mathematics) The trigonometric function sine.

Etymology 2

Clipping of English Sinhalese.

Symbol

sin

1. (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Sinhalese.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Sinhalese terms

English

English Wikipedia has an article on:

sin

Wikipedia

Etymology 1

From Middle English sinne, synne, sunne, zen, from Old English synn (“sin”), from Proto-West Germanic *sunnju, from Proto-Germanic *sunjō (“truth, excuse”) and *sundī, *sundijō (“sin”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-ónt-ih₂, from *h₁sónts ("being, true", implying a verdict of "truly guilty" against an accusation or charge), from *h₁es- (“to be”); compare Old English sōþ ("true"; see sooth). Doublet of suttee.

Cognates

Cognate with Scots syn, sin (“sin”), Saterland Frisian Säände (“sin”), West Frisian sûnde (“sin”), Dutch zonde (“sin”), Low German sunn, sunne (“sin”), German Sünde (“sin”), Danish synd (“sin”), Swedish synd (“sin”), Icelandic synð, synd (“sin”), Latin sont-, sons (“sinful, guilty, criminal”). Doublet of suttee.

Alternative forms

• sinne (obsolete)
• synne (obsolete)

Pronunciation

• enPR: sĭn, IPA^(key): /sɪn/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɪn

Noun

sin (countable and uncountable, plural sins)

2. (theology) A violation of divine will or religious law.

   As a Christian, I think this is a sin against God.

   • 1866, James Buchanan, Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion‎, New York: D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 9:

     Slavery, according to them, was a grievous sin against God, and therefore no human Constitution could rightfully shield it from destruction. It was sinful to live in a political confederacy which tolerated slavery in any of the States composing it; […]

3. Sinfulness, depravity, iniquity.
4. A misdeed or wrong.
   • 1963, Margery Allingham, “Eye Witness”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC, page 249:

     The story struck the depressingly familiar note with which true stories ring in the tried ears of experienced policemen. […] The second note, the high alarum, not so familiar and always important since it indicates the paramount sin in Man's private calendar, took most of them by surprise although they had been well prepared.

5. A sin offering; a sacrifice for sin.
   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Corinthians 5:21, column 2:

     For he hath made him to be ſinne for vs, who knewe no ſinne, […]

6. An embodiment of sin; a very wicked person.
   • 1613 (date written), William Shakespeare, [John Fletcher], “The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i], page 222, column 1:

     Thy Ambition / (Thou Scarlet ſinne) robb’d this bewailing Land / Of Noble Buckingham, […]

7. A flaw or mistake.

   No movie is without sin.

8. (sports) sin bin
   • 2023 October 28, Leighton Koopman, “YES!!! The Springboks beat the All Blacks to win another Rugby World Cup title”, in Independent Online‎:

     Winger Cheslin Kolbe, sitting with his jersey over his head in the sin after a yellow card at the death, was probably the sight of millions of South Africans around the country who had their hearts in their mouth as they sat through another nail-biting match.

Synonyms

• offence
• adharma (in Hinduism)
• ithm (in Islam)

Derived terms

Terms derived from sin (noun)

• actual sin
• as sin
• birth sin
• cardinal sin
• deadly sin
• eternal sin
• guilty as sin
• hate the sin but love the sinner
• let he who is without sin cast the first stone
• let him that is without sin cast the first stone
• let him who is without sin cast the first stone
• like sin
• live in sin
• love the sinner but hate the sin
• man of sin
• mortal sin
• original antigenic sin
• original as sin
• original sin
• philosophical sin
• sin bin
• sin-binning
• sin-eater
• sin eater
• sin eating
• sin-free
• sinful
• sinfully
• sinless
• sinlessness
• sinlike
• sin money
• sinning
• sinny
• sin offering
• sin-ridden
• sin tax
• theological sin
• ugly as sin
• unpardonable sin
• venial sin

Translations

See sin/translations § Noun.

Verb

sin (third-person singular simple present sins, present participle sinning, simple past and past participle sinned)

1. (intransitive, theology) To commit a sin.

Derived terms

• as much sinning as sinned against
• sinner

Translations

See sin/translations § Verb.

Etymology 2

Modification of shin.

Alternative forms

• seen, sīn

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɪn/, /siːn/

Noun

sin (plural sins)

1. A letter of the Hebrew alphabet; שׂ
2. A letter of the Arabic alphabet; س

Etymology 3

Noun

sin (plural sins)

1. Alternative form of sinh (“tube skirt”).

Anagrams

• INS, Ins, Ins., NIS, NSI, Niš, in's, ins, ins., nis

Afar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsin/ [ˈsɪn]
• Hyphenation: sin

Pronoun

sín (predicative síini)

1. ye, you

See also

Afar personal pronouns

		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
				m	f
subject	singular	anú	atú	úsuk	ís
	plural	nanú	isín	úsun
object	singular	yó	kó	ká	tét
	plural	né	sín	kén

Determiner

sín

1. your (second person plural)

See also

Afar possessive determiners

		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
				m	f
personal	singular	yi	ku	kay	tet
	plural	ni	sin	ken
reflexive	singular	inní	isí
	plural	ninní	isinní, sinní

References

• E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985), “sin”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015), L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Afrikaans

Etymology 1

From Dutch zin, from Middle Dutch sin, from Old Dutch sin, from Proto-West Germanic *sinn.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sən/

Noun

sin (plural sinne, diminutive sinnetjie)

1. meaning, sense
2. sentence
3. sense (means of perceiving reality)
4. sense, comprehension
5. desire

Derived terms

• sinvol

Etymology 2

Particle

sin

1. misspelling of s'n

Aromanian

Alternative forms

• sinu

Etymology

From Latin sinus. Compare Romanian sân, Spanish seno.

Noun

sin n (plural sinj)

1. breast

See also

• tsãtsã

Asturian

Preposition

sin

1. alternative form of ensin

Azerbaijani

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic سِين (sīn).

Noun

sin (definite accusative sini, plural sinlər)

1. the Arabic letter س

Declension

Declension of sin

	singular	plural
nominative	sin	sinlər
definite accusative	sini	sinləri
dative	sinə	sinlərə
locative	sində	sinlərdə
ablative	sindən	sinlərdən
definite genitive	sinin	sinlərin

Possessive forms of sin

	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	sinim	sinlərim
sənin (“your”)	sinin	sinlərin
onun (“his/her/its”)	sini	sinləri
bizim (“our”)	sinimiz	sinlərimiz
sizin (“your”)	sininiz	sinləriniz
onların (“their”)	sini or sinləri	sinləri
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	sinimi	sinlərimi
sənin (“your”)	sinini	sinlərini
onun (“his/her/its”)	sinini	sinlərini
bizim (“our”)	sinimizi	sinlərimizi
sizin (“your”)	sininizi	sinlərinizi
onların (“their”)	sinini or sinlərini	sinlərini
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	sinimə	sinlərimə
sənin (“your”)	sininə	sinlərinə
onun (“his/her/its”)	sininə	sinlərinə
bizim (“our”)	sinimizə	sinlərimizə
sizin (“your”)	sininizə	sinlərinizə
onların (“their”)	sininə or sinlərinə	sinlərinə
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	sinimdə	sinlərimdə
sənin (“your”)	sinində	sinlərində
onun (“his/her/its”)	sinində	sinlərində
bizim (“our”)	sinimizdə	sinlərimizdə
sizin (“your”)	sininizdə	sinlərinizdə
onların (“their”)	sinində or sinlərində	sinlərində
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	sinimdən	sinlərimdən
sənin (“your”)	sinindən	sinlərindən
onun (“his/her/its”)	sinindən	sinlərindən
bizim (“our”)	sinimizdən	sinlərimizdən
sizin (“your”)	sininizdən	sinlərinizdən
onların (“their”)	sinindən or sinlərindən	sinlərindən
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	sinimin	sinlərimin
sənin (“your”)	sininin	sinlərinin
onun (“his/her/its”)	sininin	sinlərinin
bizim (“our”)	sinimizin	sinlərimizin
sizin (“your”)	sininizin	sinlərinizin
onların (“their”)	sininin or sinlərinin	sinlərinin

Further reading

• “sin” in Obastan.com.

Breton

Etymology

From Latin signum.

Noun

sin m

1. sign

Cebuano

Etymology

From Spanish zinc, from German Zink, related to Zinke (“point, prong”), from Middle High German zinke, from Old High German zinko (“prong, tine”), allied to zint (“a jag, point”), from Proto-Germanic *tindaz (“prong, pinnacle”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts (“tooth, projection”).

Noun

sin

1. zinc
2. galvanized iron sheet

Cornish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Brythonic *suɨɣn, from Latin signum. Cognate with Welsh swyn.

Noun

sin m (plural sinyow or sinys)

1. sign

   Synonyms: arwodh, tokyn

2. mark

   Synonyms: merk, nos, stampa

3. signal

   Synonyms: arwodh, sinell

4. symptom

   Synonym: arwodh

Derived terms

• sina (“sign, signal”, verb)
• sinans (“signature”)
• sinell (“signal”)
• sinya (“indicate, signal”, verb)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English sine.

Noun

sin m (plural sinyow)

1. (mathematics) sine

Derived terms

• sindon (“sine wave”)
• sindonnel (“sinusoidal”)

Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse sínn.

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -in

Pronoun

sin c (neuter sit, plural sine)

1. (reflexive possessive) third-person sg pronoun, meaning his/her/its (own)

   Han læste sin bog ― He read his (own) book

   Compare: Han læste hans bog ― He read his (somebody else's) book

See also

Danish personal pronouns

Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	Possessive
					common	neuter	plural
Singular	First	–	jeg	mig	min	mit	mine
	Second	modern / informal	du	dig	din	dit	dine
		formal (uncommon)	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	masculine (person)	han	ham	hans
		feminine (person)	hun	hende	hendes
		common (noun)	den		dens
		neuter (noun)	det		dets
		indefinite	man	en	ens
		reflexive	–	sig	sin	sit	sine
Plural	First	modern	vi	os	vores
		archaic / formal			vor	vort	vore
	Second	–	I	jer	jeres
	Third	–	de	dem	deres
		reflexive	–	sig

Esperanto

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Pronoun

sin

1. accusative of si

See also

Esperanto personal pronouns

		singular				plural
		nominative	accusative	possessive		nominative	accusative	possessive
first person		mi	min	mia		ni	nin	nia
second person	formal	vi	vin	via		vi	vin	via
	familiar1	ci	cin	cia
third person	masculine	li	lin	lia		ili iŝi3	ilin iŝin3	ilia iŝia3
	feminine	ŝi	ŝin	ŝia
	neuter	ĝi	ĝin	ĝia
	gender-neutral2	ri ŝli	rin ŝlin	ria ŝlia
	reflexive	si	sin	sia		si	sin	sia
indefinite		oni	onin	onia		oni	onin	onia

¹ The second person familiar pronouns are archaic.

² The proposed gender-neutral third-person singular pronouns ri (rin, ria) and ŝli (ŝlin, ŝlia) are not widely used.

³ The proposed third-person feminine plural pronoun iŝi (iŝin, iŝia) is not widely used.

Fon

Etymology

Cognates include Gun sìn, Saxwe Gbe ɛsìn, Adja eshi, Ewe esti

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sĩ̀/

Noun

sìn

1. water

References

• Claire Lefebvre, Anne-Marie Brousseau, A Grammar of Fongbe (2002, →ISBN

Franco-Provençal

Alternative forms

• sio, sino

Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *seum. Doublet of son (possessive determiner).

Pronoun

sin (feminine singular sina, masculine plural sins, feminine plural sines) (ORB, broad)

1. his, her, its (third-person singular possessor)

See also

Franco-Provençal personal pronouns

			nominative	accusative	dative	tonic1	possessive2
singular	1st person		jo	mè			min
	2nd person		te	tè			tin
	3rd person	masculine	il	lo / le	lui		sin
		feminine	el	la	lyé
		neuter	o		y	—
		reflexive	—	sè
plural	1st person		nos				noutro
	2nd person		vos				voutro
	3rd person	masculine	ils	los / les	lor		lor
		feminine	els	les	lor / lyés
		reflexive	—	sè

¹ Disjunctive or object of a preposition.   ² Generally preceded by a definite article.

Gun

Etymology 1

Cognates include Fon sìn, Saxwe Gbe ɛsìn, Adja eshi, Ewe esti. Possibly cognate with Nkonya ntsu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sĩ̀/

Noun

sìn (plural sìn lɛ́ or sìn lẹ́)

1. water

   Synonym: òsìn

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sĩ̀/

Particle

sín

1. comes after a noun to indicate that this noun possesses that which follows, much like English 's

   Gbẹ̀tọ́ sín àfọ̀ / Gbɛ̀tɔ́ sín àfɔ̀ ― The human's foot

References

• Aspect and Modality in Kwa Languages (2006, →ISBN)

Hausa

Etymology

From Arabic سِين (sīn).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sín/
  • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [sɪ́ŋ]

Noun

sin f

1. sin (letter of the Arabic alphabet)

Hokkien

For pronunciation and definitions of sin – see 新 (“new; fresh; new; unused; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 新).

Hunsrik

Alternative forms

• sinn (Altenhofen spelling)

Etymology

From Middle High German sein, sīn, from Old High German sīn (“to be”) (with some parts from Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”) and *beuną (“to be, exist, become”)), from Proto-Indo-European *es-, *h₁es- (“to be, exist”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsin/
• Rhymes: -in
• Syllabification: sin

Verb

sin

1. to be

   Ich sin en Mann.

   I am a man.

   Deer seid zu mied.

   You are too tired.

   Sie denke, dass-se en Hex is.

   They think she's a witch.

   All, wo dart waare, sin gestorreb.

   Everyone who was there died.

2. (auxiliary) forms the perfect tense of most intransitive verbs

   Ich sin fortgang.

   I am gone.

Inflection

Irregular with past tense, conditional and subjunctive mood

infinitive	sin
participle	gewees, geweest, geween
auxiliary	sin
	present indicative	past indicative	conditional	subjunctive	imperative
ich	sin	waar	wäär	sei	—
du	bist	waarst	wäärst	seist	sei
er/sie/es	is	waar	wäär	sei	—
meer	sin	waare	wääre	seie	—
deer	seid	waard	wäärd	seid	seid
sie	sin	waare	wääre	seie	—

The present participle is uncommonly used,
but can be made with the suffix -end.

Derived terms

• do sin

Further reading

• Online Hunsrik Dictionary

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse sin.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɪːn/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɪːn

Noun

sin f (genitive singular sinar, nominative plural sinar)

1. sinew, tendon

Declension

Declension of sin (feminine)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	sin	sinin	sinar	sinarnar
accusative	sin	sinina	sinar	sinarnar
dative	sin	sininni	sinum	sinunum
genitive	sinar	sinarinnar	sina	sinanna

Irish

Alternative forms

• san

Etymology

From Middle Irish sin, from Old Irish sin.

Pronunciation

• (Munster, Connacht) IPA^(key): /ʃɪnʲ/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /ʃɨ̞nʲ/

Determiner

sin

1. (used with the definite article) that

   an buachaill sin ― that boy

Pronoun

sin

1. that

   Sin é mo dheartháir.

   That is my brother.

   • (Can we date this quote?), “Cad é sin don té sin [What is that to anyone]”‎:

     Ó cad é sin don té sin nach mbaineann sin dó?

     Oh what is that to him whom that doesn't concern?

Derived terms

• ó shin

Mutation

Mutated forms of sin

radical	lenition	eclipsis
sin	shin after an, tsin	not applicable

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “sin”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931), Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 67

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsin/
• Rhymes: -in
• Hyphenation: sìn

Preposition

sin

1. apocopic form of sino

Itsekiri

Etymology 1

Cognates include Ìjẹ̀bú Yoruba sẹ́n

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sĩ́/

Verb

sín

1. to be long

Etymology 2

Cognates include Yoruba sín, Olukumi ṣín, Owé Yoruba hín, Ìjẹ̀bú Yoruba sẹ́n, Ifè sɛ̃́

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sĩ́/

Verb

sín

1. to sneeze

Iu Mien

Etymology

From Chinese 身 (MC syin).

Noun

sin 

1. body

Kabyle

Kabyle cardinal numbers

<  1	2	3  >
Cardinal : sin

Etymology

From Proto-Berber.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sin/

Numeral

sin m (feminine snat)

1. two

References

• Bellahsene, Linda; Hameg, Nadia (2009), “Kabyle numeral system”, in Université Paris 4, CNRS, editor, Numeral Systems of the World's Languages‎, Paris, France

Kankanaey

Alternative forms

• hin

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsin/ [ˈsi̞n]
• (parts of Bauko, Sabangan and Tadian) IPA^(key): /ˈhin/ [ˈhi̞n]
• Rhymes: -in
• Syllabification: sin

Article

sin

1. oblique argument, specifically a common nominal definite marker

See also

• (oblique arguments) sin, si, sis, ed, en, en da

References

• Janet L. Allen (2014), Kankanaey: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis‎ (overall work in English), →ISBN, page 128

Ladino

Etymology

From Old Spanish sin, from Latin sine.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sin/

Preposition

sin (Hebrew spelling סין)

1. without

Antonyms

• kon

Latin

Etymology

From sī + nē.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈsiːn]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈsin]

Conjunction

sīn

1. if however, if on the contrary, but if

   sin aliter/minus/secus ― otherwise, if not

   • Nonne si bene egeris, recipies : sin autem male, statim in foribus peccatum aderit?

     If thou do well, shalt thou not receive? but if ill, shall not sin forthwith be present at the door? (Genesis 4:7, God speaking to Cain)

References

• sin in Enrico Olivetti, editor (2003-2025), Dizionario Latino, Olivetti Media Communication

Livonian

Pronoun

si’n

1. genitive/dative singular of sinā

Menien

Noun

sin

1. water

References

• Martius, Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Brasiliens, page 155

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch sin, from Proto-West Germanic *sinn.

Noun

sin m or f

1. direction
2. attention
3. sense, intellect, reason
4. feeling, emotion
5. sense, perception
6. meaning

Inflection

Strong masculine noun

	singular	plural
nominative	sin	sinne
accusative	sin	sinne
genitive	sins	sinne
dative	sinne	sinnen

Strong feminine noun

	singular	plural
nominative	sin	sinne
accusative	sin	sinne
genitive	sin, sinne	sinne
dative	sin, sinne	sinnen

Descendants

• Dutch: zin
  • Afrikaans: sin
  • Negerhollands: sin
• Limburgish: zin

Further reading

• “sin, sinne (I)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
• Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929), “sin (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I

Middle English

Etymology 1

Conjunction

sin

1. alternative form of sithen

Etymology 2

Noun

sin

1. alternative form of synne

Middle High German

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (before 13^th CE) /ˈs̠iːn/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old High German sīn, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *wesaną, derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti. Cognate with Middle Low German sīn.

Alternative forms

• wësen

Verb

sīn or wësen (irregular, third-person singular present ist, past tense was, past participle gewësen, past subjunctive wære, auxiliary sīn)

1. to be, become

Conjugation

Conjugation of sīn (irregular, auxiliary sīn)

infinitive		sīn wësen
genitive gerund		sīnnes sīnes wësennes wësenes
dative gerund		sīnne sīne wësenne wësene
present participle		sīnde wësende
past participle		gewësen
auxiliary		sīn
	indicative			subjunctive
	singular	plural		singular	plural
present	ich bin	wir birn	i	ich sī	wir sīn
	du bist	ir birt		du sīst	ir sīt
	ër ist	sie sint		ër sī	sie sīn
preterite	ich was	wir wāren	ii	ich wære	wir wæren
	du wære	ir wāret		du wærest	ir wæret
	ër was	sie wāren		ër wære	sie wæren
imperative	wis (du) bis (du)	sīt (ir)

Composed forms of sīn (irregular, auxiliary sīn)

perfect
	singular	plural		singular	plural
indicative	ich bin gewësen	wir birn gewësen	subjunctive	ich sī gewësen	wir sīn gewësen
	du bist gewësen	ir birt gewësen		du sīst gewësen	ir sīt gewësen
	ër ist gewësen	sie sint gewësen		ër sī gewësen	sie sīn gewësen
pluperfect
indicative	ich was gewësen	wir wāren gewësen	subjunctive	ich wære gewësen	wir wæren gewësen
	du wære gewësen	ir wāret gewësen		du wærest gewësen	ir wæret gewësen
	ër was gewësen	sie wāren gewësen		ër wære gewësen	sie wæren gewësen
future i
infinitive	sīn süln		subjunctive i	ich sul sīn	wir suln sīn
				du sule sīn	ir sulet sīn
				ër sul sīn	sie suln sīn
indicative	ich sol sīn	wir sulen sīn	subjunctive ii	ich sölte sīn ich sölde sīn	wir sölten sīn wir sölden sīn
	du solt sīn	ir sulet sīn		du söltest sīn du söldest sīn	ir söltet sīn ir söldet sīn
	ër sol sīn	sie sulen sīn		ër sölte sīn ër sölde sīn	sie sölten sīn sie sölden sīn
future ii
infinitive	gewësen sīn süln		subjunctive i	ich sul gewësen sīn	wir suln gewësen sīn
				du sule gewësen sīn	ir sulet gewësen sīn
				ër sul gewësen sīn	sie suln gewësen sīn
indicative	ich sol gewësen sīn	wir sulen gewësen sīn	subjunctive ii	ich sölte gewësen sīn ich sölde gewësen sīn	wir sölten gewësen sīn wir sölden gewësen sīn
	du solt gewësen sīn	ir sulet gewësen sīn		du söltest gewësen sīn du söldest gewësen sīn	ir söltet gewësen sīn ir söldet gewësen sīn
	ër sol gewësen sīn	sie sulen gewësen sīn		ër sölte gewësen sīn ër sölde gewësen sīn	sie sölten gewësen sīn sie sölden gewësen sīn

Descendants

• German: sein

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old High German sīn.

Determiner

sīn

1. his
2. its
3. one's

Descendants

• German: sein

References

• Benecke, Georg Friedrich; Müller, Wilhelm; Zarncke, Friedrich (1863), “sin”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel

Middle Irish

Alternative forms

• sein

Etymology

From Old Irish sin.

Determiner

sin

1. (used with the definite article) that
   • c. 1000, “The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig”, in Ernst Windisch, editor, Irische Texte, volume 1, published 1800, section 1:

     Is í sein int ṡeised bruiden ro·boi i n‑hErind in tan sin […]

     That is one of the six halls that were in Ireland at that time […]

Pronoun

sin

1. that
   • c. 1000, “The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig”, in Ernst Windisch, editor, Irische Texte, volume 1, published 1800, section 1:

     Is í sein int ṡeised bruiden ro·boi i n‑hErind in tan sin […]

     That is one of the six halls that were in Ireland at that time […]

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 sin”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Middle Low German

Pronunciation

• (originally) IPA^(key): /siːn/

Etymology 1

From Old Saxon sīn.

Pronoun

sîn

1. (personal pronoun, third person, in the singular, masculine, genitive) of his

   lohant ret her Zeno hen na Verona to dem vader sin.

   John rode Sir Zeno to Verona, to the father of his.

2. (personal pronoun, third person, in the singular, neuter, genitive) of it
3. (possessive, third person, in the singular, masculine) his
4. (possessive, third person, neuter, masculine) its

Declension

Personal pronoun:

Middle Low German personal pronouns

			nominative	accusative	dative	genitive
singular	1st person		ik (ek)	mî (mê, mik, mek)		mîn (mîner)
	2nd person		dû	dî (dê, dik, dek)		dîn (dîner)
	3rd person	m	hê (hî, hie)	ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn)	ēme, em (ȫme, en)	sîn (sîner)
		n	it (et)
		f	sê (sî, sie, sü̂)		ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
plural	1st person		wî (wê, wie)	uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik)		unser (ûser)
	2nd person		gî (jê, î)	jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik)		jûwer (ûwer)
	3rd person		sê (sî, sie)		em, öm, jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen)	ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)

For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here.

Possessive pronoun:

Declension of sin

	singular			plural
	masculine	neuter	feminine
	Strong declension
nominative	sîn			sîne
accusative	sînen	sîn	sîne
dative	sînem(e) (sînennote)		sîner(e)	sînen
genitive	sînes			sîner(e)
	Weak declension
nominative	sîne			sînen
accusative	sînen	sîne	sînen
dative	sînen
genitive

The longer forms become rarer in the course of the period.

Alternative forms

• sîner (for the genitive of the personal pronoun)

Etymology 2

From Old Saxon sīn.

Alternative forms

• wēsen

Verb

sîn

1. to be

Usage notes

• Wēsen is a verb with a suppletive conjugation based on multiple Proto-Germanic stems. For many verb forms, authors freely chose between forms based on the stems wēs- and sî-, without semantic impact. This is also true for modern Low German and Dutch. For the forms based on the sî- stem, see the respective entry at wēsen.

Descendants

• German Low German:

  Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: sin (past participle: west, also wesen)

  Westphalian:

  Münsterländisch: syn (past participle: weßt), sien (past participle: west)

  Paderbornisch: seyn, syn (past participle: wiäsen)

Miskito

Adverb

sin

1. also, too