因 - Wikiwand

More information simp. and trad., alternative forms ...

simp. and trad.	因
alternative forms	囙𤇀

Glyph origin

More information Historical forms of the character 因, Shang ...

Historical forms of the character 因
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (因) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

More information Old Chinese ...

	Old Chinese
欭	*qrils
烟	qiːn, qin
胭	*qiːn
咽	qiːn, qiːns, *qiːd
恩	*qɯːn
煾	*qɯːn
因	*qin
姻	*qin
茵	*qin
鞇	*qin
氤	*qin
洇	*qin
駰	qin, qrin
絪	*qin
裀	*qin

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 囗 (“sheet”) + 大 (“person”) – man on a mattress. Original form of 裀 (OC *qin, “mat; layered garment”) or 茵 (OC *qin, “mattress; cushion”).

Alternatively, possibly an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) of a man wearing clothing.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yīn (yin¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄣ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yin¹

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): yǐn

(Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): yìn
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jan¹

(Dongguan, Jyutping++): jan¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): yin¹
Gan (Wiktionary): in¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yîn

(Hailu, HRS): rhin^ˋ

(Meixian, Guangdong): yin¹
Jin (Wiktionary): ing¹
Northern Min (KCR): éng
Eastern Min (BUC): ĭng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ing¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): in / en

(Teochew, Peng'im): ing¹

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): yieng¹
Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): an¹
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ¹in
- (Jinhua): ¹in
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): in¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yīn
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄣ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yin
  - Wade–Giles: yin¹
  - Yale: yīn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: in
  - Palladius: инь (inʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /in⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: yin¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: in
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /in⁵⁵/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: yǐn
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iẽ²¹/
- (Nanjing)
  - Nanjing Pinyin: yìn
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): yin¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ĩ³¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jan¹
  - Yale: yān
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jan¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: yen¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐn⁵⁵/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++: jan¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /zɐn²¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: yin¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jin³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: in¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /in⁴²/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yîn
  - Hakka Romanization System: in^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yin¹
  - Sinological IPA: /in²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yîn
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)in^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yin¹
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)in²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: rhin^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /ʒin⁵³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: yin¹
  - Sinological IPA: /in⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ing¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /iŋ¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: éng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /eiŋ⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ĭng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ing¹
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ing¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁵⁴⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: in
  - Tâi-lô: in
  - Phofsit Daibuun: yn
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /in³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /in⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Hui'an)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: en
  - Tâi-lô: en
  - Phofsit Daibuun: efn
  - IPA (Hui'an): /en³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ing¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ³³/
- (Leizhou)
  - Leizhou Pinyin: yieng¹
  - Sinological IPA: /zieŋ³⁵/
Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++: an¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ən⁵³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu: ¹in
  - MiniDict: in^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹in
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /in⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /iŋ⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /iŋ⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /ʔin⁵⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /in⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /iŋ⁵⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /in⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /in³³⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /iŋ⁵²/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /iŋ⁵²/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /iŋ⁵³/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ¹in
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /iŋ³³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: in¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /in³³/

Dialectal data

More information Variety, Location ...

Variety	Location	edit 因
Mandarin	Beijing	/in⁵⁵/
Harbin	/in⁴⁴/
Tianjin	/in²¹/
Jinan	/iẽ²¹³/
Qingdao	/iə̃²¹³/
Zhengzhou	/in²⁴/
Xi'an	/iẽ²¹/
Xining	/iə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan	/iŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou	/ĩn³¹/
Ürümqi	/iŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan	/in⁵⁵/
Chengdu	/in⁵⁵/
Guiyang	/in⁵⁵/
Kunming	/ĩ⁴⁴/
Nanjing	/in³¹/
Hefei	/in²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao	/iŋ¹³/
Hohhot	/ĩŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/iŋ⁵³/
Suzhou	/in⁵⁵/
Hangzhou	/ʔin³³/
Wenzhou	/j̠aŋ³³/
Hui	Shexian	/iʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi	/in¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/in³³/
Xiangtan	/in³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/in⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/in⁴⁴/
Taoyuan	/in²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jɐn⁵³/
Nanning	/jɐn⁵⁵/
Hong Kong	/jɐn⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/in⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/iŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/eiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew)	/iŋ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese)	/in²³/

Middle Chinese: 'jin

More information Rime, Character ...

Rime
Character	因
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於眞切
Baxter	'jin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔin/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔin/
Li Rong	/ʔiĕn/
Wang Li	/ĭĕn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yīn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jan¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔi[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*qin/

More information Character, Reading # ...

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	因
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yīn
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔjin ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔi[n]/
English	rely on
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

More information Zhengzhang system (2003), Character ...

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	因
Reading #	1/1
No.	15176
Phonetic component	因
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	因
Old Chinese	/*qin/
Notes	甲文象人臥於茵席，爲茵初文

Definitions

因

(literary) to follow (e.g. a tradition)
因循守舊／因循守旧 ― yīnxúnshǒujiù ― to adhere to tradition
(literary) to take advantage; to make use of a situation
- 孔父嘉為司馬，督為大宰，故因民之不堪命，先宣言曰「司馬則然。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  孔父嘉为司马，督为大宰，故因民之不堪命，先宣言曰「司马则然。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE
  Kǒngfǔ Jiā wéi sīmǎ, Dū wéi tàizǎi, gù yīn mín zhī bùkān mìng, xiān xuānyán yuē “sīmǎ zé rán.” [Pinyin]
  (At the time) Kongfu Jia was the Marshal and Hua Du the Chancellor. Therefore the latter, making use of popular resentment (against frequent drafts), first spread the words that it was the Marshal that accented their suffering.
- 於柯之會，桓公欲背曹沫之約，管仲因而信之。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  于柯之会，桓公欲背曹沫之约，管仲因而信之。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Yú Kē zhī huì, Huángōng yù bèi Cáo Mò zhī yuē, Guǎn Zhòng yīn ér xìn zhī. [Pinyin]
  At the Convention of Ke, Duke Huan wanted to renege on his oath with Cao Mo. Yet Guan Zhong, taking advantage of the situation, greatly amplified the Duke's reputation of trustworthiness.
(archaic) conveniently; in passing; expediently
- 今人有大功而擊之，不義也，不如因善遇之。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  今人有大功而击之，不义也，不如因善遇之。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Jīn rén yǒu dàgōng ér jīzhī, bùyì yě, bùrú yīn shàn yùzhī. [Pinyin]
  It is beneath ourselves to attack a person because of his merit. We had better, as a matter of convenience, treat him with goodwill.
(archaic) thus; in such way; therefore; accordingly
- 初欲棄之，因名曰棄。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  初欲弃之，因名曰弃。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Chū yù qì zhī, yīn míng yuē Qì. [Pinyin]
  She wanted to abandon the infant at first, and thus named him "Qi", the abandoned one.
(archaic) through; via
- 衛鞅聞是令下，西入秦，因景監求見孝公。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  卫鞅闻是令下，西入秦，因景监求见孝公。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Wèi Yāng wén shì lìng xià, xī rù Qín, yīn Jǐngjiān qiú jiàn Xiàogōng. [Pinyin]
  Yang of Wey, on hearing the decree's promulgation, left westward for Qin and sought the audience of Duke Xiao through the eunuch Jing.
(obsolete) to multiply
- 令兩出門步數相乘，因而四之，為實。開方除之，即得邑方。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  令两出门步数相乘，因而四之，为实。开方除之，即得邑方。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: c. 2nd century BCE, Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art (《九章算術》)
  Lìng liǎng chūmén bùshù xiāngchéng, yīn ér sì zhī, wéi shí. Kāifāng chú zhī, jí dé yì fāng. [Pinyin]
  Multiply the two distances to the respective portals, and multiply that product by four to obtain the quadruple as the operand. Take the square root of the operand, and one finds the side-length of the square equiareal to the rectangular town.
- 以六因之，得一丈二尺。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: c. 5th century, Sunzi Suanjing (《孫子算經》)
  Yǐ liù yīn zhī, dé yī zhàng èr chǐ. [Pinyin]
  Multiply that number by six, and one obtains one zhang and two chi.
depending on; according to; based on; contingent upon
因人而異／因人而异 ― yīnrén'éryì ― to vary from one person to another

因地制宜 ― yīndìzhìyí ― to make plans according to local conditions
- 若因過去時，有未來現在：未來及現在，應在過去時。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  若因过去时，有未来现在：未来及现在，应在过去时。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: c. 409, Kumārajīva (鳩摩羅什 (Jiūmóluóshí)), translator. The Mūlamadhyamakakārikā by Nāgārjuna (《中論》). English text based on the translation by Stephen Batchellor.
  Ruò yīn guòqù shí, yǒu wèilái xiànzài: wèilái jí xiànzài, yīng zài guòqù shí. [Pinyin]
  If the present and the future were contingent on the past, then the present and the future would have existed in the past.
(Cantonese) to estimate
你因下啲時間，睇下要幾耐先到。 [Cantonese, trad.]
你因下啲时间，睇下要几耐先到。 [Cantonese, simp.]
nei⁵ jan¹ haa⁵ di¹ si⁴ gaan³, tai² haa⁵ jiu³ gei² noi⁶ sin¹ dou³. [Jyutping]
Estimate the time to see how long it takes to arrive.
reason; cause
因果 ― yīnguǒ ― cause and effect

近因 ― jìnyīn ― direct cause; immediate cause
because; since
due to; because of
因此 ― yīncǐ ― because of this; therefore; ergo

因雨改期 ― yīn yǔ gǎiqī ― to be rescheduled because of the rain

Synonyms

(because): 因為／因为 (yīnwèi), 由於／由于 (yóuyú)

Compounds

三世因果
三因佛性
不因
不因不由
不因人熱 / 不因人热
不因熱 / 不因热
不因親 / 不因亲
主因 (zhǔyīn)
事出有因 (shìchūyǒuyīn)
事因
人因工程
佛因
來因 / 来因
倒果為因 / 倒果为因 (dàoguǒwéiyīn)
元因
克雷因
內因 / 内因 (nèiyīn)
公因式 (gōngyīnshì)
公因數 / 公因数 (gōngyīnshù)
凝血因子 (níngxuè yīnzǐ)
分解因式
制動因子 / 制动因子
前因 (qiányīn)
前因後果 / 前因后果 (qiányīnhòuguǒ)
功率因數 / 功率因数
動因 / 动因 (dòngyīn)
十二因緣 / 十二因缘
原因 (yuányīn)
原因論 / 原因论
可待因 (kědàiyīn)
咖啡因 (kāfēiyīn)
因之
因事制宜
因人
因人廢言 / 因人废言
因人成事
因人而異 / 因人而异 (yīnrén'éryì)
因何 (yīnhé)
因依 (yīnyī)
因公假私
因公殉職 / 因公殉职 (yīngōngxùnzhí)
因公行私
因利乘便 (yīnlìchéngbiàn)
因勢利導 / 因势利导 (yīnshìlìdǎo)
因噎廢食 / 因噎废食 (yīnyēfèishí)
因國 / 因国
因地
因地制宜 (yīndìzhìyí)
因子 (yīnzǐ)
因小失大 (yīnxiǎoshīdà)
因小見大 / 因小见大
因式 (yīnshì)
因式分解 (yīnshì fēnjiě)
因式定理 (yīnshì dìnglǐ)
因弗基普
因循 (yīnxún)
因循坐誤 / 因循坐误
因循守舊 / 因循守旧 (yīnxúnshǒujiù)
因循苟且 (yīnxúngǒuqiě)
因應 / 因应 (yīnyìng)
因應措施 / 因应措施
因數 / 因数 (yīnshù)
因數分解 / 因数分解 (yīnshù fēnjiě)
因敵取資 / 因敌取资
因明
因時制宜 / 因时制宜 (yīnshízhìyí)
因材施教 (yīncáishījiào)
因果 (yīnguǒ)
因果報應 / 因果报应 (yīnguǒ bàoyìng)
因果律 (yīnguǒlǜ)
因果關係 / 因果关系 (yīnguǒ guānxì)
因樹為屋 / 因树为屋
因此 (yīncǐ)
因此上
因為 / 因为
因特網 / 因特网 (Yīntèwǎng)
因由 (yīnyóu)
因相
因禍得福 / 因祸得福 (yīnhuòdéfú)
因禍為福 / 因祸为福
因素 (yīnsù)
因緣 / 因缘 (yīnyuán)
因緣巧合 / 因缘巧合
因緣際會 / 因缘际会
因習 / 因习
因而 (yīn'ér)
因襲 / 因袭 (yīnxí)
因話隨話 / 因话随话
因變數 / 因变数 (yīnbiànshù)
因陀羅 / 因陀罗 (Yīntuóluó)
因陋就簡 / 因陋就简
因難見巧 / 因难见巧
因革
因頭 / 因头
因風吹火 / 因风吹火
基因 (jīyīn)
基因治療 / 基因治疗 (jīyīn zhìliáo)
基因突變 / 基因突变 (jīyīn tūbiàn)
夙世因緣 / 夙世因缘
多因
天假因緣 / 天假因缘
宿因
後果前因 / 后果前因 (hòuguǒqiányīn)
惡因 / 恶因
成因 (chéngyīn)
投資誘因 / 投资诱因
推因
收因結果 / 收因结果
普魯卡因 / 普鲁卡因 (pǔlǔkǎyīn)
有因
未了因
本因坊
梅鶴因緣 / 梅鹤因缘
業因 / 业因
模因 (móyīn)
歸因 / 归因 (guīyīn)
死因 (sǐyīn)
海洛因 (hǎiluòyīn)
滅罪修因 / 灭罪修因
無因 / 无因 (wúyīn)
無因管理 / 无因管理 (wúyīn guǎnlǐ)
特殊因素
生物因子
用天因地
病因 (bìngyīn)
相因 (xiāngyīn)
禍因惡積 / 祸因恶积
種因 / 种因
等因奉此
結果收因 / 结果收因
緣因 / 缘因
罪因
肇因 (zhàoyīn)
萊因河 / 莱因河
蘭因絮果 / 兰因絮果
誘因 / 诱因 (yòuyīn)
變因 / 变因
質因數 / 质因数 (zhìyīnshù)
起因 (qǐyīn)
轉轉相因 / 转转相因
近因 (jìnyīn)
達因 / 达因 (dáyīn)
遠因 / 远因 (yuǎnyīn)
釋提桓因 / 释提桓因 (Shìtíhuányīn)
陳陳相因 / 陈陈相因 (chénchénxiāngyīn)
香火因緣 / 香火因缘

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (因):

→ Japanese: 因(いん) (in)
→ Korean: 인(因) (in)
→ Vietnamese: nhân (因)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 因 – see 𪜶 (“they; them; their; theirs; etc.”). (This character is recorded in one or more historical dictionaries as a variant form of 𪜶).

References

Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00726
“因”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

因

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

References

Further reading

Chinese

Glyph origin

Pronunciation

Definitions

Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

Etymology 2

References

Japanese

Korean

Vietnamese

Zhuang

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