窮

See also: 穷

窮 U+7AAE, 窮 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7AAE ← 窭 [U+7AAD] CJK Unified Ideographs 窯 → [U+7AAF]

Translingual

Han character

窮 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+10, 15 strokes, cangjie input 十金竹竹弓 (JCHHN), four-corner 3022₇, composition ⿱穴躬)

Derived characters

• 𡃕, 𡾈, 𤢶, 𧔚, 𧸺, 𠤊, 藭, 𣋶

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 867, character 10
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25593
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2737, character 12
• Unihan data for U+7AAE

Chinese

trad.		窮
simp.		穷

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (躬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
躬	*kuŋ
匑	*kuŋ, *kʰuŋ
躳	*kuŋ
窮	*ɡuŋ
藭	*ɡuŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡuŋ): semantic 穴 (“cave; nest; confinement”) + phonetic 躬 (OC *kuŋ).

Etymology

Possibly a vocalic variant of 邛 (OC *ɡoŋ, “distress”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): qióng (qiong²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄩㄥˊ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чүн (čün, I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): kung⁴
• Gan (Wiktionary): qiung²
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khiùng

  (Meixian, Guangdong): kiung²

• Jin (Wiktionary): qyng¹
• Northern Min (KCR): gě̤ng
• Eastern Min (BUC): gṳ̀ng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kiông / kêng / khêng / không

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kiong⁵ / gêng⁵

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁶jion / ²jion
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jiong²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qióng
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cyóng
    • Wade–Giles: chʻiung²
    • Yale: chyúng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyong
    • Palladius: цюн (cjun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чүн (čün, I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰyŋ²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
    • Jyutping: kung⁴
    • Yale: kùhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kung⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: kung⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰʊŋ²¹/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: qiung²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰiuŋ²⁴/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiùng
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiung^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kiung²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kiung²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰiʊŋ¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: qyng¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰyŋ¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gě̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kœyŋ²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gṳ̀ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiông
    • Tâi-lô: kiông
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kioong
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɔŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ²³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /kiɔŋ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kêng
    • Tâi-lô: kîng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: keeng
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /kiɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ²³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khêng
    • Tâi-lô: khîng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qeeng
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɪŋ²³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɪŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /kʰiɪŋ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: không
    • Tâi-lô: không
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qoong
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ²⁴/

Note:

• kiông - literary;
• kêng, khêng, không - vernacular.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kiong⁵ / gêng⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiông / kêng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰioŋ⁵⁵/, /keŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
• kiong5 - literary;
• gêng5 - vernacular.
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶jion
    • MiniDict: jion^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³jjion
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /d͡ʑioŋ²³/
  • (Northern: Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ²jion
    • MiniDict: jion^平
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /d͡ʑioŋ²²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: jiong²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /t͡ɕi̯ʊŋ¹³/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡ɕin¹³/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 窮
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕʰyŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕʰyŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕʰyŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕʰyŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕʰyuŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕʰyŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/t͡ɕʰyə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕʰyŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕʰỹn⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕʰyŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕʰioŋ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕʰyoŋ³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕʰioŋ²¹/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕʰioŋ¹/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕʰioŋ²⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕʰyəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕʰyŋ¹³/ /t͡ɕyŋ¹³/ ～人
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕʰỹŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/d͡ʑioŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/d͡ʑioŋ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/d͡ʑioŋ²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/d͡ʑoŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰyʌ̃⁴⁴/
	Tunxi	/t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕioŋ¹³/
	Xiangtan	/d͡ʑin¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰiuŋ²⁴/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰiuŋ¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/kʰioŋ¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kʰoŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/kʰuŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/kʰuŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kiɔŋ³⁵/ /kiŋ³⁵/ /kʰiŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kyŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kœyŋ²¹/ 無～ /kœyŋ³³/ ～沒
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kʰioŋ⁵⁵/ /keŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/xiɔŋ³¹/ /kiaŋ³¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: gjuwng

Rime
Character	窮
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	東 (2)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	渠弓切
Baxter	gjuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨuŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiuŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiuŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/guwŋ/
Li Rong	/ɡiuŋ/
Wang Li	/ɡĭuŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/gi̯uŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qióng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	kung4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ](r)uŋ/, /*m-[ɡ](r)uŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡuŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	窮	窮
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qióng	qióng
Middle Chinese	‹ gjuwng ›	‹ gjuwng ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ](r)uŋ/	/*m-[ɡ](r)uŋ/
English	poor	exhaust
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	窮
Reading #	1/1
No.	4145
Phonetic component	躬
Rime group	終
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	窮
Old Chinese	/*ɡuŋ/

Definitions

窮

1. to exhaust

   窮兵黷武／穷兵黩武  ―  qióngbīngdúwǔ  ―  to go all in with wars

   • 欲窮千里目，更上一層樓。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 8th century, Wang Zhihuan, 登鸛雀樓

     Yù qióng qiānlǐ mù, gèng shàng yī céng lóu. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

2. to thoroughly investigate

   窮根究底／穷根究底  ―  qiónggēnjiūdǐ  ―  to dig into the very roots of the matter

   • 漁人甚異之，復前行，欲窮其林。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     渔人甚异之，复前行，欲穷其林。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 421, Tao Yuanming, 桃花源記 (The Peach Blossom Spring)

     Yúrén shèn yì zhī, fù qiánxíng, yù qióng qí lín. [Pinyin]

     Amazed at the sight, the fisherman pressed ahead. He wanted to make his way to the end of the forest.

3. to be in the wrong and unable to argue further

   • 遁辭知其所窮。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     遁辞知其所穷。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Dùn cí zhī qí suǒqióng. [Pinyin]

     When words are evasive, I know how the mind is at its wit's end.

4. to be in dire straits; to suffer from lack of opportunity, support, etc.

   Antonym: 達 / 达

   • 子路慍見曰：「君子亦有窮乎？」子曰：「君子固窮，小人窮斯濫矣。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     子路愠见曰：「君子亦有穷乎？」子曰：「君子固穷，小人穷斯滥矣。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Zǐ Lù yùn jiàn yuē: “Jūnzǐ yì yǒu qióng hū?” Zǐ yuē: “Jūnzǐ gù qióng, xiǎorén qióng sī làn yǐ.” [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 窮則獨善其身，達則兼善天下。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     穷则独善其身，达则兼善天下。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Qióng zé dú shàn qíshēn, dá zé jiān shàn tiānxià. [Pinyin]

     When in difficulty, one preserves one's own virtue in solitude. When the opportunity arises, one shares the benefits with all.

   • 窮者欲達其言，勞者須歌其事。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     穷者欲达其言，劳者须歌其事。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: c. 578, Yu Xin (庾信), The Lament for the South (《哀江南賦》)

     Qióngzhě yù dá qíyán, láozhě xū gē qíshì. [Pinyin]

     A failed one shall speak with unfading words,
     The weary must sing out his toil aloud.

5. poor; destitute; impoverished

   Antonym: 富 (fù)

   貧窮／贫穷  ―  pínqióng  ―  lacking; suffering from want

   人窮志不窮／人穷志不穷  ―  rén qióng zhì bù qióng  ―  poor in money but not in aspiration

6. to be exhausted; to be used up

   無窮無盡／无穷无尽  ―  wúqióngwújìn  ―  to be inexhaustible

   理屈詞窮／理屈词穷  ―  lǐqūcíqióng  ―  unable to argue any further; having no more excuses

   • 軻既取圖奉之，發圖，圖窮而匕首見。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     轲既取图奉之，发图，图穷而匕首见。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5^th – 3^rd centuries BCE

     Kē jì qǔ tú fèng zhī, fā tú, tú qióng ér bǐshǒu xiàn. [Pinyin]

     Jing Ke took the map scroll and presented it. He unrolled the map, and when it reached the end, the dagger appeared.

7. remote; out-of-the-way

   窮鄉僻壤／穷乡僻壤  ―  qióngxiāngpìrǎng  ―  remote and backwater place

8. extremely

   窮凶極惡／穷凶极恶  ―  qióngxiōngjí'è  ―  extremely ferocious and evil

9. thoroughly

   窮究／穷究  ―  qióngjiū  ―  to dig deep into something

   窮追猛打／穷追猛打  ―  qióngzhuīměngdǎ  ―  hotly pursue and fiercely attack

10. excessively; inappropriately attentive to details; snobbishly; frivolously

    窮講究／穷讲究  ―  qióng jiǎngjiū  ―  to be too fine in tastes; to be a snob

11. 69th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "exhaustion, tiredness" (𝍊)
12. (Northern Wu) very; quite

    窮大／穷大 [Suzhounese]  ―  ²jion ⁶dou [Wugniu]  ―  very big

    俚讀書窮用功。 [Suzhounese, trad.]
    俚读书穷用功。 [Suzhounese, simp.]

    ¹li ⁸doq-syu₁ ²jion ²yon₆-kon₁ [Wugniu]

    He studies very studiously.

13. name of an ancient state

    Synonym: 有窮／有穷 (Yǒuqióng)

Usage notes

• (very): In Suzhounese, younger speakers tend to use this in place of 蠻／蛮.

Synonyms

• (poor):

edit

• 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
• 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
• 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
• 困窮 / 困穷 (kùnqióng)
• 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
• 困難 / 困难
• 困頓 / 困顿 (kùndùn)
• 宋凶 (Hokkien)
• 散 (Hokkien)
• 散凶 (Hokkien)
• 散赤 (Hokkien)
• 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
• 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
• 清貧 / 清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
• 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
• 磽 / 硗 (Teochew)
• 䆀康 (Hokkien)
• 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
• 窄
• 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
• 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
• 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
• 窮乏 / 穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
• 窮困 / 穷困 (qióngkùn)
• 窮㾪 / 穷㾪 (Hokkien)
• 窮苦 / 穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
• 窮赤 / 穷赤 (Hokkien)
• 艱苦 / 艰苦 (Hokkien)
• 苦寒 (kǔhán)
• 貧乏 / 贫乏 (pínfá)
• 貧困 / 贫困 (pínkùn)
• 貧寒 / 贫寒 (pínhán)
• 貧瘠 / 贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
• 貧窮 / 贫穷 (pínqióng)
• 貧苦 / 贫苦 (pínkǔ)

Dialectal synonyms of 貧窮 (“poor; impoverished; poverty-striken”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		貧, 窮
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	窮, 貧窮
	Singapore	窮, 貧窮, 窮苦
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	窮
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	窮
	Wanrong	窮
	Xi'an	窮
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	窮
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	苦寒
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	窮
Cantonese	Guangzhou	窮
	Hong Kong	窮
	Taishan	窮
Gan	Nanchang	窮
	Pingxiang	窮
Hakka	Meixian	窮
Jin	Taiyuan	窮
Northern Min	Jian'ou	窮無
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	窮
Southern Min	Xiamen	宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
	Quanzhou	宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
	Hui'an	窮赤
	Zhangzhou	宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤, 䆀空, 無空
	Tainan	散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦
	Manila (Hokkien)	窮, 無錢, 宋凶
	Raoping	磽
	Shantou	窮, 磽
	Jieyang	窮, 磽
	Leizhou	窮, 蒯
Wu	Shanghai	窮
	Suzhou	窮
	Danyang	窮
	Hangzhou	窮
	Jinhua	倒灶

• (very):

Dialectal synonyms of 很 (“very”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		甚, 孔
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		很, 非常, 十分
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	挺, 很, 倍兒, 怪
	Taiwan	很, 好, 非常, 超, 蠻, 超級
	Malaysia	很
	Singapore	很, 蠻, 非常
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	挺, 很, 傻, 老, 倍兒, 齁兒
	Jinan	挺, 楞
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	很
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	很, 好
	Chongqing	很
	Wuhan	蠻, 很
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	蠻, 稀, 很
	Hefei	很
Cantonese	Guangzhou	好, 非常之
	Hong Kong	好, 非常, 非常之, 超, 勁, 十分之, 無敵
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	好
	Taishan	好, 十分之
	Yangjiang	好
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	好
	Singapore (Guangfu)	好, 非常之, 非常
Gan	Nanchang	蠻
Hakka	Meixian	好, 刮, 已, 還, 異, 還 exclamation
	Huidong (Daling)	好
	Wuhua (Meilin)	好
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	頂
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	好
	Changting	野
	Wuping (Pingyu)	已, 刮
	Liancheng	樣
	Ninghua	好
	Ruijin	蠻
	Shicheng	蠻
	Shangyou (Shexi)	蠻
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	當, 已, 還
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	蓋, 盡, 還
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	當, 盡, 已, 還
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	當, 已, 還
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	當, 已, 還
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	足, 真, 實在
	Hong Kong	好
	Sabah (Bao'an)	好
	Kuching (Hepo)	很
	Singapore (Dabu)	好
Jin	Taiyuan	很, 挺
Northern Min	Jian'ou	盡
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	野, 真
	Singapore (Fuqing)	真
	Sitiawan (Gutian)	真
Southern Min	Xiamen	真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 非常, 真正, 設汰, 一
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	真
	Quanzhou	真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 設汰
	Jinjiang	野, 萬代
	Zhangzhou	盡, 蓋, 足, 足範, 有夠, 出奇, 極死, 見死, 死了了, 死人, 設汰, 設汰仔
	Zhao'an	很, 真, 死絕, 好, 非常
	Dongshan	真, 非常
	Taipei	真, 誠
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	真, 誠
	Kaohsiung	有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
	Yilan	有夠, 足, 誠, 盡
	Changhua (Lukang)	真, 誠
	Taichung	誠, 蓋, 足
	Tainan	有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
	Hsinchu	真, 誠
	Kinmen	足, 誠
	Penghu (Magong)	真, 誠
	Penang (Hokkien)	真, 誠, 真正
	Singapore (Hokkien)	真, 死爸, 真正, 誠, 足, 有夠
	Manila (Hokkien)	野, 真, 萬代, 真誠, 誠, 有夠
	Medan (Hokkien)	按呢, 真, 誠, 真正
	Chaozhou	過, 好, 非常, 死爸
	Shantou	過, 鐵, 好, 很, 死爸, 死絕
	Shantou (Chenghai)	好, 死絕
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	好, 非常
	Jieyang	過, 好, 死爸, 死絕
	Bangkok (Teochew)	好
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	好
	Singapore (Teochew)	真, 死爸, 非常
	Wenchang	極, 但顧, 真
	Haikou	但顧
	Qionghai	但顧, 真
	Singapore (Hainanese)	但顧, 真
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	好, 蠻
Wu	Shanghai	蠻, 老, 邪氣, 老老, 瞎, 絕, 十分, 十二萬分, 非常, 非常之, 畢, 畢畢, 來得, 來得個, 煞, 交關, 十二分 rare, 窮 dated, 野 dated, 邪 dated
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	蠻, 交關
	Shanghai (Jiading)	蠻, 交關
	Shanghai (Chongming)	蠻, 交關
	Suzhou	蠻, 窮, 交關
	Danyang	蠻, 交關
	Hangzhou	蠻, 交關, 木佬佬, 冒
	Shaoxing	蠻, 蠻蠻, 呆呆, 交關
	Ningbo	交關, 蠻, 堪, 𣍐好, 𣍐派, 甮派, 出格, 木牢牢 rare, 猛 rare
	Zhoushan	交關, 蠻, 猛, 堪, 出格, 木牢牢 rare
	Wenzhou	蠻, 蒙, 顯
Xiang	Changsha	很, 蠻
	Shuangfeng	蠻

Compounds

• 一窮二白 / 一穷二白 (yīqióng'èrbái)
• 乞窮儉相 / 乞穷俭相
• 人窮志短 / 人穷志短 (rénqióngzhìduǎn)
• 人窮智短 / 人穷智短
• 偃蹇困窮 / 偃蹇困穷
• 僻壤窮鄉 / 僻壤穷乡
• 兵盡矢窮 / 兵尽矢穷
• 其味無窮 / 其味无穷
• 其樂不窮 / 其乐不穷
• 其樂無窮 / 其乐无穷 (qílèwúqióng)
• 力大無窮 / 力大无穷
• 力屈勢窮 / 力屈势穷
• 力屈計窮 / 力屈计穷
• 力屈道窮 / 力屈道穷
• 力蹙勢窮 / 力蹙势穷
• 勢窮力孤 / 势穷力孤
• 勢窮力極 / 势穷力极
• 勢窮力竭 / 势穷力竭
• 受益無窮 / 受益无穷
• 命薄相窮 / 命薄相穷
• 哭窮 / 哭穷 (kūqióng)
• 哭窮途 / 哭穷途
• 回味無窮 / 回味无穷 (huíwèiwúqióng)
• 困窮 / 困穷 (kùnqióng)
• 固窮 / 固穷
• 國窮民困 / 国穷民困
• 圖窮匕現 / 图穷匕现 (túqióngbǐxiàn)
• 圖窮匕見 / 图穷匕见 (túqióngbǐxiàn)
• 報窮制裁 / 报穷制裁
• 報苦窮兒 / 报苦穷儿
• 多言數窮 / 多言数穷
• 妙用無窮 / 妙用无穷
• 孤窮 / 孤穷 (gūqióng)
• 孤窮一身 / 孤穷一身
• 學窮 / 学穷
• 安富恤窮 / 安富恤穷
• 層出不窮 / 层出不穷 (céngchūbùqióng)
• 山窮水盡 / 山穷水尽 (shānqióngshuǐjìn)
• 後患無窮 / 后患无穷 (hòuhuànwúqióng)
• 應對不窮 / 应对不穷
• 技窮 / 技穷
• 振窮卹貧 / 振穷卹贫
• 振窮恤寡 / 振穷恤寡
• 探奇窮異 / 探奇穷异
• 探幽窮賾 / 探幽穷赜
• 探本窮源 / 探本穷源
• 日暮途窮 / 日暮途穷 (rìmùtúqióng)
• 有窮 / 有穷 (Yǒuqióng)
• 末路窮途 / 末路穷途
• 格物窮理 / 格物穷理
• 梧鼠技窮 / 梧鼠技穷
• 民窮兵疲 / 民穷兵疲
• 民窮財匱 / 民穷财匮
• 民窮財盡 / 民穷财尽 (mínqióngcáijìn)
• 水盡山窮 / 水尽山穷
• 水窮山盡 / 水穷山尽
• 永世無窮 / 永世无穷
• 永永無窮 / 永永无穷
• 深山窮谷 / 深山穷谷 (shēnshānqiónggǔ)
• 涸轍窮魚 / 涸辙穷鱼
• 涸轍窮鱗 / 涸辙穷鳞
• 溯源窮流 / 溯源穷流
• 無盡無窮 / 无尽无穷
• 無窮 / 无穷 (wúqióng)
• 無窮無盡 / 无穷无尽 (wúqióngwújìn)
• 無窮盡 / 无穷尽
• 無窮級數 / 无穷级数 (wúqióng jíshù)
• 犬馬齒窮 / 犬马齿穷
• 玄妙無窮 / 玄妙无穷
• 理屈事窮 / 理屈事穷
• 理屈詞窮 / 理屈词穷 (lǐqūcíqióng)
• 白首窮經 / 白首穷经
• 百巧千窮 / 百巧千穷
• 百巧成窮 / 百巧成穷
• 皓首窮經 / 皓首穷经
• 盡日窮夜 / 尽日穷夜
• 矢盡兵窮 / 矢尽兵穷
• 研窮 / 研穷
• 穹窮 / 穹穷
• 窮不失義 / 穷不失义
• 窮且益堅 / 穷且益坚
• 窮乏 / 穷乏 (qióngfá)
• 窮九 / 穷九
• 窮人 / 穷人 (qióngrén)
• 窮僻 / 穷僻
• 窮光蛋 / 穷光蛋 (qióngguāngdàn)
• 窮兵極武 / 穷兵极武
• 窮兵黷武 / 穷兵黩武 (qióngbīngdúwǔ)
• 窮冗 / 穷冗
• 窮冬 / 穷冬
• 窮凶惡極 / 穷凶恶极
• 窮凶極惡 / 穷凶极恶 (qióngxiōngjí'è)
• 窮凶極虐 / 穷凶极虐
• 窮到骨 / 穷到骨
• 窮則思變 / 穷则思变
• 窮匱 / 穷匮
• 窮原竟委 / 穷原竟委
• 窮嚼 / 穷嚼
• 窮困 / 穷困 (qióngkùn)
• 窮坑難滿 / 穷坑难满
• 窮大失居 / 穷大失居
• 窮天極地 / 穷天极地
• 窮奢極侈 / 穷奢极侈 (qióngshējíchǐ)
• 窮奢極欲 / 穷奢极欲 (qióngshējíyù)
• 窮妙極巧 / 穷妙极巧
• 窮家富路 / 穷家富路
• 窮寇 / 穷寇
• 窮寇勿追 / 穷寇勿追
• 窮寇莫追 / 穷寇莫追
• 窮富極貴 / 穷富极贵
• 窮小子 / 穷小子
• 窮山僻壤 / 穷山僻壤
• 窮山惡水 / 穷山恶水 (qióngshān'èshuǐ)
• 窮工極巧 / 穷工极巧
• 窮巷 / 穷巷
• 窮巷士 / 穷巷士
• 窮年 / 穷年
• 窮年累世 / 穷年累世
• 窮年累月 / 穷年累月
• 窮年累歲 / 穷年累岁
• 窮幽極微 / 穷幽极微
• 窮廝 / 穷厮
• 窮形極狀 / 穷形极状
• 窮形盡相 / 穷形尽相
• 窮心劇力 / 穷心剧力
• 窮忙 / 穷忙 (qióngmáng)
• 窮愁 / 穷愁
• 窮愁潦倒 / 穷愁潦倒
• 窮措大 / 穷措大
• 窮於應付 / 穷于应付
• 窮日 / 穷日
• 窮日子 / 穷日子
• 窮日落月 / 穷日落月
• 窮暴 / 穷暴
• 窮期 / 穷期
• 窮本極源 / 穷本极源
• 窮根 / 穷根
• 窮根尋葉 / 穷根寻叶
• 窮根究底 / 穷根究底 (qiónggēnjiūdǐ)
• 窮棒子 / 穷棒子 (qióngbàngzi)
• 窮極 / 穷极 (qióngjí)
• 窮極其妙 / 穷极其妙
• 窮極則變 / 穷极则变
• 窮極無聊 / 穷极无聊 (qióngjíwúliáo)
• 窮極要妙 / 穷极要妙
• 窮民 / 穷民
• 窮氣 / 穷气
• 窮池之魚 / 穷池之鱼
• 窮治 / 穷治
• 窮泉 / 穷泉
• 窮混 / 穷混
• 窮源推本 / 穷源推本
• 窮源溯流 / 穷源溯流
• 窮源竟委 / 穷源竟委
• 窮漢 / 穷汉
• 窮滴滴 / 穷滴滴
• 窮猿失木 / 穷猿失木
• 窮猿奔林 / 穷猿奔林
• 窮猿投林 / 穷猿投林
• 窮理 / 穷理
• 窮理盡性 / 穷理尽性
• 窮生 / 穷生
• 窮當益堅 / 穷当益坚
• 窮瘋 / 穷疯
• 窮盡 / 穷尽 (qióngjìn)
• 窮目 / 穷目
• 窮相 / 穷相 (qióngxiàng)
• 窮神 / 穷神
• 窮神知化 / 穷神知化
• 窮神觀化 / 穷神观化
• 窮究 / 穷究
• 窮窘 / 穷窘
• 窮竭 / 穷竭 (qióngjié)
• 窮纖入微 / 穷纤入微
• 窮而後工 / 穷而后工
• 窮腮乞臉 / 穷腮乞脸
• 窮苦 / 穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
• 窮裔 / 穷裔
• 窮貴極富 / 穷贵极富
• 窮蹙 / 穷蹙
• 窮身潑命 / 穷身泼命
• 窮迫 / 穷迫
• 窮追 / 穷追
• 窮追不捨 / 穷追不舍 (qióngzhuībùshě)
• 窮追猛打 / 穷追猛打
• 窮通 / 穷通
• 窮途 / 穷途
• 窮途之哭 / 穷途之哭
• 窮途末路 / 穷途末路 (qióngtúmòlù)
• 窮途潦倒 / 穷途潦倒
• 窮通皆命 / 穷通皆命
• 窮途落魄 / 穷途落魄
• 窮達有命 / 穷达有命
• 窮鄉僻壤 / 穷乡僻壤 (qióngxiāngpìrǎng)
• 窮酸 / 穷酸 (qióngsuān)
• 窮酸餓醋 / 穷酸饿醋
• 窮醋大 / 穷醋大
• 窮開心 / 穷开心
• 窮閻漏屋 / 穷阎漏屋
• 窮靈盡妙 / 穷灵尽妙
• 窮竟 / 穷竟
• 窮骨頭 / 穷骨头
• 窮髮 / 穷发
• 窮鬼 / 穷鬼 (qióngguǐ)
• 窮鳥入懷 / 穷鸟入怀
• 窮鼠齧貓 / 穷鼠啮猫 (qióngshǔnièmāo)
• 筆楮難窮 / 笔楮难穷
• 籠中窮鳥 / 笼中穷鸟
• 羅掘俱窮 / 罗掘俱穷
• 計盡力窮 / 计尽力穷
• 計窮 / 计穷 (jìqióng)
• 計窮力屈 / 计穷力屈
• 計窮力極 / 计穷力极
• 計窮力盡 / 计穷力尽
• 計窮力竭 / 计穷力竭
• 計窮勢蹙 / 计穷势蹙
• 計窮慮極 / 计穷虑极
• 計窮智短 / 计穷智短
• 計窮途拙 / 计穷途拙
• 詞窮 / 词穷 (cíqióng)
• 詞窮理屈 / 词穷理屈 (cíqiónglǐqū)
• 詞窮理盡 / 词穷理尽
• 詞窮理絕 / 词穷理绝
• 變化無窮 / 变化无穷
• 貧窮 / 贫穷 (pínqióng)
• 貧窮文化 / 贫穷文化
• 賑窮濟乏 / 赈穷济乏
• 賤貴窮通 / 贱贵穷通
• 辭窮 / 辞穷
• 追本窮源 / 追本穷源
• 送窮 / 送穷
• 途窮日暮 / 途穷日暮
• 道盡途窮 / 道尽途穷
• 阨窮 / 阨穷
• 餘味無窮 / 余味无穷
• 黔驢技窮 / 黔驴技穷 (qiánlǘjìqióng)
• 黷武窮兵 / 黩武穷兵

Further reading

• “窮”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

See also 窮する

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 窮

窮

(Jōyō kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: ぐ (gu)、ぐう (gū)
• Kan-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)^{←きゆう (kyuu, historical)}
• Kun: きわめる (kiwameru, 窮める, Jōyō)^{←きはめる (kifameru, 窮める, historical)}、きわまる (kiwamaru, 窮まる, Jōyō)^{←きはまる (kifamaru, 窮まる, historical)}、きわまり (kiwamari, 窮まり)^{←きはまり (kifamari, 窮まり, historical)}、きわみ (kiwami, 窮み)^{←きはみ (kifami, 窮み, historical)}

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [kuŋ]
• Phonetic hangul: [궁]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

窮

窮 (eumhun 다할 궁 (dahal gung))

1. hanja form^? of 궁 (“poor, destitute, impoverished”)

窮 (eumhun 궁할 궁 (gunghal gung))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

窮: Hán Nôm readings: cùng, khùng, còng, càng

Readings

窮: Hán Việt readings: khùng
窮: Nôm readings: cùng, khùng, còng, càng

Etymology 1

Adjective

窮 • (khùng)

1. crazy

Etymology 2

Noun

窮 • (càng)

1. nipper, pincer

References

• Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
• Nôm Lookup Tool, Vietnamese Nom Preservation Foundation
• 范廷琥 [Phạm Đình Hổ] (1851), “2370”, in 日用常談 [Nhật dụng thường đàm, Common Conversations for Daily Use]‎ (in Vietnamese), woodblock edition, 同文齋藏板 [Đồng Văn Trai tàng bản]